Ph.D. Dissertation Writing A Short Guide

A dissertation, also known as a doctoral thesis, is the final required part of completing a students  doctoral study. Undertaken after a student completes coursework and passes a comprehensive examination, the dissertation is the final hurdle in completing a Ph.D. or other doctoral degree. The dissertation is expected to make a new and creative contribution to a field of study and to demonstrate the students expertise. In social science and science programs, the dissertation usually requires conducting empirical research. Elements of a Strong Dissertation According to the Association of American Medical Colleges, a strong medical dissertation relies heavily on the creation of a specific hypothesis that can be either disproven or supported by data collected by independent student research. Further, it must also contain several key elements starting with an introduction to the problem statement, conceptual framework and research question as well as references to literature on already published on the topic.   A dissertation must also be relevant (and proven to be such) as well as capable of being researched independently by the student. Though the required length of these dissertations varies by school, the governing body overseeing the practice of medicine in the United States standardizes this same protocol. Also included in the dissertation is the methodology for research and data collection as well as instrumentation and quality control. A stated section on population and sample size for the study is imperative to defending the thesis once it comes time to do so. Like most scientific publications, the thesis must also contain a section of published results and an analysis of what this entails for the scientific or medical community. The discussion and conclusion sections let the review committee know that the student understands the full implications of his or her work as well as its real-world application to their field of study (and soon, professional work).   Approval Process Although students are expected to conduct the bulk of their research and pen the entire dissertation on their own, most graduate medical programs provide an advisory and review committee to the student upon starting their studies. Through a series of weekly reviews over their course of schooling, the student and his or her advisor hone in on the hypothesis of the dissertation before they submit it to the review committee to begin work on writing the thesis.   From there, the student can take as long or as short of a time as they need to complete their dissertation, often resulting in students who have finished their entire courseload achieving ABD status (all but dissertation), just shy of receiving their full Ph.D. In this interim period, the student — with the occasional  guidance of his or her advisor —   is expected to research, test and write a dissertation that can be defended in a public forum.   Once the review committee accepts the finalized draft of the thesis, the doctoral candidate will then get the chance to publicly defend his or her statements. If they pass this test, the dissertation is submitted electronically to the schools academic journal or archive and the candidates full doctoral degree is issued once the final paperwork has been submitted.

Racial Classification Under Apartheid

In the Apartheid state of South Africa (1949-1994),  your racial classification was everything. It determined where you could live, who you could marry, the types of jobs you could get, and so many other aspects of your life. The whole legal infrastructure of Apartheid rested on racial classifications, but the determination of a persons race often fell to census takers and other bureaucrats. The arbitrary ways in which they classified race are astounding, especially when one considers that peoples whole lives hinged on the result. Defining Race The 1950 Population Registration Act declared that all South Africans be classified into one of three races: white, native (black African), or colored (neither white nor native). The legislators realized that trying to classify people scientifically or by some set biological standards would never work. So instead they defined race in terms of two measures: appearance and public perception. According to the law, a person was white if they were â€Å"obviously...[or] generally accepted as White. The definition of native was even more revealing: a person who in fact is or is generally accepted as a member of any aboriginal race or tribe of Africa. People who could prove that they were accepted as another race, could actually petition to change their racial classification. One day you could be native and the next colored. This was not about fact but perception. Perceptions of Race For many people, there was little question of how they would be classified. Their appearance aligned with preconceptions of one race or another, and they associated only with people of that race.  There were other individuals, though, who did not fit neatly into these categories, and their experiences highlighted the absurd and arbitrary nature of racial classifications.   In the initial round of racial classification in the 1950s, census takers quizzed those whose classification they were unsure about. They asked people on the language(s) they spoke, their occupation, whether they had paid native taxes in the past, who they associated with, and even what they ate and drank. All of these factors were seen as indicators of race. Race in this respect was based on economic and lifestyle differences - the very distinctions Apartheid laws set out to protect.   Testing Race Over the years, certain unofficial tests were also set up to determine the race of individuals who either appealed their classification or whose classification was challenged by others. The most infamous of these was the â€Å"pencil test†, which said that if a pencil placed in ones hair fell out, he or she was white. If it fell out with shaking, colored, and if it stayed put, he or she was black. Individuals could also be subjected to humiliating examinations of the color of their genitals, or any other body part that the determining official felt was a clear marker of race. Again, though, these tests had  to be about appearance and public perceptions, and in the racially stratified and segregated society of South Africa, appearance determined public perception. The clearest example of this is the sad case of Sandra Laing. Ms. Laing was born to white parents, but her appearance resembled that of a light-skin colored person. After her racial classification was challenged at school, she was re-classified as colored and expelled. Her father took a paternity test, and eventually, her family got her re-classified as white. She was still ostracized by the white community, however, and she ended up marrying a black man. In order to remain with her children, she petitioned to be re-classified again as colored. To this day, over twenty years after the end of Apartheid, her brothers refuse to speak to her. Sources Posel, Deborah. Race as Common Sense: Racial Classification in Twentieth-Century South Africa,  African Studies Review  44.2 (Sept 2001): 87-113. Posel, Deborah, Whats in a Name?: Racial categorisations under Apartheid and their afterlife,  Transformation  (2001).

A Successful Inclusive Classroom For Children With Autism

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder In order to create a successful inclusive classroom for children with autism, it is important to know more about the disorder and its characteristics. Every person with autism has different characteristics. â€Å"Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder display a range of specific characteristics such as: (a) impairments in communication and interactions with others; (b) restricted, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors, interests and activities; (c) delays in either ‘social interaction, language as used in social communication or symbolic or imaginative play’ with onset before the age of three† (Deris Carlo, 2013). â€Å"A child’s profile along the continuum of Autism Spectrum Disorders dictates the severity of impairment in language engagement, social connectedness, sensory integration, and cognitive skills† (Friedlander, 2009). Each person is very unique. â€Å"They include autistic disorder (sometimes r eferred as â€Å"classic autism†), Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and Asperger syndrome† (Autism Speaks). The table below shows three different levels of severity of autism. The data focuses on the level of severity, the social communication, and the restrictive, repetitive behaviors Table 2 Severity levels for autism spectrum disorder (Autism Speaks). Severity level Social communication Restricted, repetitive behaviors Level 3 Requiring very substantialShow MoreRelatedTeaching Elementary Children With Autism1638 Words   |  7 Pages(2012). Teaching Elementary Children with Autism: Addressing Teacher Challenges and Preparation Needs. Rural Educator, 33(2), 27-35. II. Problem 1. How adequate is the current teacher preparation program for preparing general education teachers for teaching children with autism? 2. Scheuermann et al asked, â€Å"If a teacher meets state standards for certification, but has no coursework in or experience with autism, is that teacher highly qualified to teach students with autism?† 3. What challenges canRead MoreA Case Study of a First-grade Student1344 Words   |  5 Pagesform of tantrums. Although he has deficits in communication and social skills, Adam excels in completing certain tasks that are designed for upper level students. After reviewing the symptoms and the reactions he exhibits, I believe the student has Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). At this time, I would choose treatment options that implement behavior modification techniques. I believe this is the correct form of treatment due to his behaviors not being severe enough to be treated with medication. HeRead MoreMultiple Disabilities Are Defined By Concomitant Impairments Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pageswith a defect that caused him to be born blind. The blind twin goes to a special school for blind children, and is a music prodigy. He is seven years old and can play around eight instruments at a professional level. His parents had noticed a series of concerning behaviors as he was beginning to d evelop. These behaviors expressed were similar to those that are seen in children who are on the autism spectrum. Due to the fact that he was blind they were unsure whether these behaviors were a resultRead MoreHigh Expectations And Appropriate Accountability1209 Words   |  5 Pages1991). Equally important are the critical elements of structure within a classroom. All components of the student’s environment and educational program should be tailored to meet the particular needs of each student. Students with autism face organizational challenges and difficulties with general rules or simple directions due to limited comprehension or language skills (Wolerey Cordisco, 1992). While a self-contained classroom for younger autistic students may require areas for play, snack, restRead MoreInclusion: Is it Effective at the Elementary Level? Essays1518 Words   |  7 PagesInclusion is where children classified as Intellectually Disabled (ID) are put into a regular classroom instead of a special education classroom. Previously called mental retardation, ID, as defined by the National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities (NICHCY), is a term used to describe a child with certain limitations in mental functioning, and in skills such as communication, personal care, or social skills. (2011) These limitations will cause a child to develop more slowly thanRead MoreThe Class Room By William Wright G000516811318 Words   |  6 PagesRoom William Wright G00051681 General Purpose: Inclusion in the Class Room Specific Purpose: To persuade my readers that inclusion is important in the class room. Central Idea: Institutions should have programs for special needs children to integrate them in classrooms with regular students. . INTRODUCTION I. Attention Material A. Models to show how students with assistance can be measured 1. Some teachers think that inclusions are a plus in the class rooms. 2. Other teachers think that thinkRead MoreInclusive Education For Children With Disabilities1631 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Inclusive education is where children with disabilities receive special education services in the general education setting. Many factors can make inclusion difficult or complex. Accommodating instruction to meet the educational needs of all students is one of the most fundamental problems in education. Many argue that inclusive practices benefit all students. While others argue that inclusive education is inadequately designed to meet the needs of exceptional students. Benefits of inclusiveRead MoreUse Of A Peer Support Intervention For Promoting Academic Engagement Of Students With Autism1505 Words   |  7 Pages Use of a Peer Support Intervention for Promoting Academic Engagement of Students with Autism in General Education Danielle D. Clawson SED 532 J. Babcock October 25, 2015 â€Æ' Abstract Students with autism spectrum disorder show benefits from being educated in general education classrooms with interactions with typically developing peers. However, behaviors exhibited by students with ASD often lead them back to segregated special education settings. The purposeRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder and Attitudes About Inclusion Teaching2125 Words   |  9 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a range of neurological disorders that usually affect the normal functioning of the brain. They are characterized by highly repetitive behavior, extensive impairment in communication and social interactions as well as severely restricted interests. The spectrum encompasses Autism, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Rett Disorder, Pervasive Development Disorder, and Asperger’s Disorder. Prevalence statistics The prevalence ofRead MoreSpecial Education Students: Inclusion vs Reality Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pageswords such as idiot, moron, and retard were once used as actual labels for disabled children in special education. â€Å"Prior to 1975, schools were not mandated to educate students with disabilities . . . . [Those with disabilities] were deemed to be uneducable and were barred from entering schools† (â€Å"Exceptional Students†). Federal and state laws, as well as mandates, now require schools to educate all children with disabilities in the least restrictive environment, to the maximum extent possible

Is Safety Something We Should Sacrifice Privacy For Our...

Is safety something we should sacrifice privacy for in our lives? In this essay I will discuss if this is a moral issue, what makes engineers information more private than others, what national and state laws say about this issue and whether they are right, and what ethical theories you could use to solve this question. Safety of our country is important, but there is a fine line in this country, and particularly in the work place, between safety and privacy. I believe that engineering companies should not be allowed to go through employees’ messages or emails. First, lets examine why this is a moral issue. The Webster dictionary defines moral as â€Å"concerning or relating to what is right and wrong in human behavior† (1). Whether employers of engineers should be able to read messages or emails of their employees is a moral decision. For the employers to read the emails of their employees can be seen as either right or wrong. People who see it right would say that the employees are employed by the employers, meaning that their emails or messages technically belong to the employers and they have the right to go through them. Other individuals including myself would say that the employers are invading the privacy of their employees, and the employees are not obligated by the company to have their privacy infringed upon. The constitution of the United States of America states that all citizens have the freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly. This means that employees ofShow MoreRelatedShould The Government Have A Right? Essay1082 Words   |  5 PagesShould the governme nt have a right to demand a backdoor to unlock iPhones? People who are advocates of the government having a backdoor to unlock iPhones believe that this act will help reduce crime in society. Apple is one of the most widespread and frequently used brands in today’s society. It is no astonishment that the government seeks to use this company as a resource for information on crime activity. This demand has recently resulted from the government being unable to access the informationRead MoreShould We Protect Our Privacy? Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiences with terrorism and violence. The experience and pain we were put through as a nation, people do not consider being subjected to government surveillance. Our security from future terrorist attacks is vital, then again not as vital as our privacy. People shouldn’t be so quick to sacrifice their privacy rights, in order to allow the government to monitor national security. Giving the government the power of invading our privacy, creates an effortless way for them to viol ate their power andRead MoreThe Rights Of Our Privacy Essay1695 Words   |  7 PagesAs a nation, we have had many first-hand experiences with terrorism and violence. 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[3] Now, with Donald Trump as President, people are wondering what side he will take on this issue and where the fate of abortion and womenâ⠂¬â„¢s rights will lie in this country. However, should Donald Trump have anything to say about Women’s Rights with the way he has run his election? Trump has been called out countless times on his objectification of women and sexist comments, so why would he care about women’s rights as president? NotRead MoreEthnocentrism in America1186 Words   |  5 Pagesby those who speak the Arabic language and practice Arabic cultures, not by a particular race or lineage. One common theme in the Arabic community is that culture and the Islamic faith are deeply intertwined. Islamic religion teaches that everyone should believe in God and practice religious customs. There is little room for differing, individual beliefs, such as agnostics. Unlike America, Arabic countries do not practice separation of church and state. Religion is taught in schools and promoted by

MBA-Marketing Management

Question: Identify one product/service from a business. Answer: Introduction This assignment aims to identify one product/service from a business. It will contain information that may be utilized for a marketing plan in future. The chosen product is iPhone, which is a product of Apple. Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne, and Steve Wozniak established Apple in the year 1976. iPhone attracts customers who want to store information and communicate or individuals who like to have entertainment. The target segments comprise of students, professionals entrepreneurs, corporate users, and healthcare professionals. This assignment describes the current marketing situation with respect to the background data on the market segments, competition distribution, and product. The analysis of the market will be provided through a SWOT analysis. The objectives with goals for market share, profit and sales volume will be provided. In the end, the marketing strategies with details of the 4 Ps will also be provided. Current Situation of the Market with background data on the market segments, product, competition and distribution The current marketing situation of Apple's involves targeting of a specific market and go beyond it through quality. Its target market is aimed at individuals rather than a particular market. It has been promoting and marketing the iPhone and its business-associated applications in Bloomberg Business Week, The Wall Street Journal, and other publications that are associated with the business. By doing all these things, it has created specific products that are intended for a market that includes all types of individuals from all over the globe (Pisano 2015). The main competitors of Apple iPhone are Samsung, Google Android and Research in Motion (RIM). RIM Blackberry possesses a minor marketing edge to Apple, due to the ability of RIM to offer more safer and useful mobile devices with Microsoft Windows operating systems. This safety, as well as functionality, has facilitated businesses along with the government who utilize Microsoft Windows operating system fully to utilize the products of RIM for their workforce. Apple iPhone has enhanced its compatibility with Microsoft Windows operating systems however it needs to go beyond RIM. It possesses additional market share regarding its handheld mobile devices to the common customer however it would like to enter into a segment of the market which it is not presently exploring. It persists to evolve for utilization with the products of Windows operating system. Its significant competitor is Google Android in terms of providing cell phone companies such as Samsung and HTC (Brian 2015). SWOT Analysis of Apple iPhone: Figure - SWOT Analysis of Apple iPhone (Source: Tar 2013) Strengths: Innovative: The iPhone is known for its innovation, especially concerning its touch screen. The iPhone is a combination of many functions and applications that are available in other mobile products as well. Compatibility: The iPhone is known for its compatibility with the other products of Apple such as Mac Book and OS software tools. This feature of iPhone shows that it has limitless power for upgradeability (Sammutà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Bonnici and Galea 2014). Easy to Use: The Apple iPhones have multi-finger gesture recognition; this means that they have the power to behave like a human hand. Awareness of Brand: Apple is not only known for its iPhone, but it is also known for other products such I-pods and Mac Book. These products are good examples of technological innovations. Price Feasibility: In comparison to the high quality features that are provided in the iPhone, the price of the product can be regarded as feasible and affordable. Quality: iPhones are known for its quality. It has a scratch resistant screen and light metallic finish and the software in the phone provides resistant (Tar 2013). Weaknesses: Image: The brand of apple is not targeted towards business individuals, and it is criticized for being only compatible with the corporate world. Price: Apple iPhones are very high in price, and none of the phones manufactured by the Apple Company are low in price. User Interface: The sensitivity of iPhone is criticized for facing the "gorilla arm" problem. Opportunities: Increasing demand and expansion: With the advancement of technology, people will upgrade their iPods to iPhones. Apple has the capability of attracting consumers with their high durability and compatibility Upgradeable: The iPhone allows all the software to be upgraded easily, and all the new features in the phone can be installed easily to take advantage of the ability of touch screen. The future versions of Apple iPhones will also be capable of upgrading their software. Partnerships: Apple has the power of combining with many powerful global mobile companies (Tar 2013). Threats: Increased Competition: The major competitor of Apple iPhones are smart phones that are much cheaper and easy to use. Downward pressure of pricing: There is a prediction in the market that the prices of the Apple iPhones are going to fall down significantly whether or not they decrease the price of their phones. Competition (Palm): Palm is a well-known phone for business people. This product is very compatible with many products in the market. This brand is regarded as one of the major competitors of Apple brand (Sammutà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Bonnici and Galea 2014). Objectives with goals for sales volume, market share and profit To compete across a number of extremely competitive markets, Apple iPhone utilizes the Apple brand and will persist to do so. Its marketing objectives are in position and are set for its complete product arrangement together with the industry of personal computers with its Macintosh line of computers and associated software, the customer electronics industry by means of products (Yoffie and Cusumano 2015). Besides its Apple outstanding marketing strategy that is presently in position, its action programs consist of social media promotion. The purpose of its campaign of social media marketing is to carry on the discussion about novel products as well as to create ideas and concepts of new products for its customers (Star et al. 2015). It will utilize social media sites for example Facebook, Twitter MySpace to promote its products with commercials, obtain innovative ideas for its products from which the customers will be benefitted and probably create novel products to satisfy the needs of the customers. Another action programs comprise of establishing the behavior of the business buyer in an attempt to find out how individuals will act at the time of purchasing iphones (Sun 2014). It will persist to carry out market research to find out the consumers needs, maximization of its advertising as well as marketing budgets, gaining the satisfaction of the customers and retain the loyalty of the customer. It will utilize measurements to verify geographic, product-use-based and customer-based studies of segmentation (Brian 2015). It maintains definite affiliation with the associations of trade to endorse and defend its brand. In the year 2002, it has signed an agreement with 1394 trade association to allow the logo of Apples Firewire to be displayed on computer peripherals around the world on 100 million digital devices. Though, in political principles, it puts the value of its shareholder at risk by choosing not to reveal its memberships of the trade association. It maintains a connection with the American Electronics Association as well as the Retail Industry Leaders Association (Wee 2015). The big promise of the brand of Apple certainly presents it with a huge challenge to accomplish its objectives. The inventive, beautifully-constructed, extremely ergonomic, as well as technology-leading products which it delivers are not only intended to match the promise of the brand but are essential to maintaining it (Yoffie and Cusumano 2015). It completely understands that every aspect of the experience of the customer experience is significant and that every product touch-points must support the brand of Apple (Star et al. 2015). It has extended and enhanced its capabilities of distribution by opening numerous of its individual retail stores in the major cities around the globe, typically in up-market, venues of quality shopping.Through the development of the iPhone, Apple has enormously augmented its retail reach throughout the outlets of retail of telecommunication companies. It has moreover increased the ease of access of iPods as well as iPads through a variety of resellers who do not usually sell computers (Wee 2015). The successful retail stores of Apple provide potential customers direct knowledge regarding its brand values. Its retail visitors experience an environment which has no pressure and leads to the stimulation to find out more regarding the Apple family, make an effort to buy the products of the company, and obtain training as well as practical assistance on the products of Apple at the shops and outlets (Yoffie and Cusumano 2015). The retail staffs of Apple are supportive, informative and helpful. The overall reaction is one of completeness by a society that recognizes what high-quality equipment should exist and fit into the lives of the individuals (Wonglimpiyarat 2012). Strategies of marketing Product Although iPhone is the most recent version but it requires additional enhancement. First of all, its function of the antenna needs to be expanded (Wee 2015). The bars of Death grip ought to be substituted with an additional system, in order to make better the receiving signal. Furthermore, there is a need of developing a different dual-core processor, to make the applications of iPhone run quicker and make the life of battery to last for extended durations. In addition, subsequent version of iPhone should support HTML as well as Flash player for the reason that there are still several websites, games and applications, which are constructed on Flash (Pynnnen et al. 2011). The purpose of Siri is a novel aspect. Noticeably, it is, in reality, a brilliant feature of voice recognition, but still there is a necessity to fix a number of inaccuracies to be additionally ideal. For instance, it must support for additional languages as well as augment the understanding with respect to the users in receiving voice requirements from (Sammutà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Bonnici and Galea 2014). Price strategies of pricing of the existing product Prices iphones recent prices are high in comparison to other brands (Macedonia 2007). Strategies for pricing of the New-product The strategy of Market Skimming Pricing might not be effectual because the majority of individuals who are ready to purchase the iPhone with a high price are not of a good number. These individuals usually belong to an upper class or are wealthy (Wee 2015). Strategies of Product mix pricing The strategies of Product line pricing (in terms of diverse capability) that Apple is utilizing may possibly be helpful. Consequently, the customers are provided with more choices to purchase depending on their financial condition (Yoffie and Cusumano 2015). Strategies of Price-adjustment It utilizes psychological pricing for iPhone. The individuals have a tendency to consider that the additional sum of the cost they pay, the new quality they obtain. The worldwide cost of iPhone cannot lessen because its core value will turn down too. As a result, the prices will not be changed (Pisano 2015). At present, it should consider Market Skimming Pricing. In addition to that, there is a need to enhance the purchasing influence of the customers who belong to a middle-class; the retailers of iPhone should sell it in the half price which should be paid in cash (Star et al. 2015). Strategies of Product mix pricing Apple may possibly carry on with its existing policy. In addition, it should construct iPhones based on the customization of the clients with the purpose of making the customers satisfied with its strategies of Price-adjustment (Macedonia 2007). It should utilize the existing strategy of psychological pricing (Brian 2015). Place strategies of Existing product distribution Channel of Marketing The present channel of circumlocutory marketing works effectively worldwide. For example, the stores can be found easily that sell iPhones. Moreover, Viettel and Vinaphone are both large companies, which possess extensive channel for distribution (Yoffie and Cusumano 2015). Intermediaries of Marketing The System of Contractual Vertical Marketing which is utilized by Apple is several effectual parts of the world (Wonglimpiyarat 2012). The consumers feel more opportune when they purchase iPhone from the stores. The strategy of Selective Distribution also assists it in choosing the finest resellers that may smooth the progress of iPhone distribution at the same time by maintaining its image as an extraordinary as well as the exceptional creation (Pisano 2015). strategies for the distribution of New product Channel of Marketing The existing strategy of marketing channel does not need to be altered. Intermediaries of Marketing Apple may possibly keep utilizing the similar strategies. Promotion promotion PLAN FOR Existing product Essentially, the promotion strategies of Apple for iPhone have effectively informed clients regarding the iPhone and its novel features (Brian 2015). The recent plan of promotion for iPhone is actually small. To demonstrate, the tools of promotion and other endorsements are not restricted enough for individuals. Furthermore, the promotion for iPhone has been unsuccessful to reach extensively and profoundly to the spectators (Pisano 2015). Clients frequently have to look for information regarding the iPhone rather than obtain information regarding it at first (Pynnnen et al. 2011). In addition, the existing plan of promotion has not performed effectively in promoting the sales of iPhone. The majority of the customers who buy iPhone are those who have used the earlier generations of iPhones or those who are aware regarding the products of Apple for an extended time. They have not purchased iPhone because of the request from the plan of promotion. Finally, the existing promotion strategies of iphone do not influence a great deal the customers who are not familiar with Apple's iPhone brands (Yoffie and Cusumano 2015). promotion PLAN FOR New product Advertising There should be iPhone advertisements on television channels. It should consider the lifestyles as well as values of the individuals. The daily newspapers should also comprise of advertisements to expand the effect of the product in an efficient manner (Wonglimpiyarat 2012). Sales Promotion It could utilize a number of tools for consumer promotion to augment the sales of iPhone. Advertising specialties should be applied. To demonstrate, when clients buy iPhone, the stores and shops should present them a few gifts, which comprise of the logo of Apple to increase the recognition and reputation (Macedonia 2007). IPhone can also apply coupons (reduction of 5%) for additional Apple products such as iMac, iPod, and iPad and to augment to buying the power of the clients. These procedures also have constructive influence in terms of the attitude of the customer towards the iPhone product and brand (Star et al. 2015). Public Relations It could carry on utilizing its existing strategy of Public Relations for iPhone worldwide (Yoffie and Cusumano 2015). In addition, social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook are also effectual to publicize iPhone for the customers in an efficient manner (Wee 2015). References Brian, J., 2015. Segmentation Marketing: A Case Study on Performance Solutions Group, LLC. Macedonia, M., 2007. iPhones target the tech elite.Computer,40(6), pp.94-95. Pisano, G.P., 2015. You need an innovation strategy.Harvard Business Review,93(6), pp.44-54. Pynnnen, M., Ritala, P. and Hallikas, J., 2011. The new meaning of customer value: a systemic perspective.Journal of Business Strategy,32(1), pp.51-57. Sammutà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Bonnici, T. and Galea, D., 2014. SWOT Analysis.Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. Star, C., Star, K. and Rutter, A., 2015. D1. 1 Market And Competition Analysis. Sun, Y., 2014. A Smartphone Company's Innovative Marketing Strategy in the Chinese Market: A case study of iPhone. Tar, A., 2013. Apple SWOT Analysis. Wee, A., 2015. Apple iPhone 6s Rose Gold Unboxing!. Wonglimpiyarat, J., 2012. Technology strategies and standard competitionComparative innovation cases of Apple and Microsoft.The Journal of High Technology Management Research,23(2), pp.90-102. Yoffie, D.B. and Cusumano, M.A., 2015.Strategy Rules: Five Timeless Lessons from Bill Gates, Andy Grove, and Steve Jobs. HarperBusiness.

Synthesis of Aspirin Lab Report free essay sample

The goal of this experiment was to synthesize aspirin. In this experiment aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, was synthesized from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. In the reaction the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring in salicylic acid reacted with acetic anhydride to form an ester functional group. This method of forming acetylsalicylic acid is an esterification reaction. Since this esterification reaction is not spontaneous, sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst to initiate the reaction. After the reaction was complete some unreacted acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was still be present in the solution as well as some sulfuric acid, aspirin, and acetic acid. Crystallization, which uses the principle of solubility, was then used to remove most of the impurities and caused the acetylsalicylic acid to precipitate out of the solution. Next, the crude product was then purified by adding water which further lowered the solubility of acetylsalicylic acid and dissolved some impurities from the crystal of aspirin. The aspirin was then isolated from the solution using a vacuum filtration apparatus. The percent yield of crude aspirin product was 91. 89%. To purify the crude aspirin product a recrystallization procedure was performed. The percent yield of the purified aspirin product was 5. 77%. Next a phenol test was performed on the crude aspirin product, the purified aspirin product, and salicylic acid as a control. The phenol test was to test the purity of the aspirin product that was created during the experiment. The crude aspirin product and the purified aspirin product had no color changes and remained orange when mixed with the iron (III) chloride solution, which means that there were no phenol groups in both the crude aspirin product and the purified aspirin product. The lack of reaction with the iron (III) chloride revealed that both the crude aspirin product and the purified aspirin product were pure aspirin. The salicylic acid turned into a dark purple color when mixed with the iron (III) chloride solution, which was expected since salicylic acid has phenol groups. Next a melting point test was performed on the purified aspirin product. The purified product started to melt at 86 degrees Celsius and finished completely melting at 102 degrees Celsius. The melting point of the purified product was lower than the expected 135 degree Celsius melting point of aspirin, which revealed to us that the purified aspirin product still contained some impurities. Introduction: As early as 3000 BC ancient cultures such as Greek, Roman, Egyptian, and Chinese found that extracts from plants such as willow bark, meadowsweet, and myrtle possessed the ability to alleviate fever, pain, and inflammation. These plants contain a compound called salicylate, which creates these curative attributes. Several of years later the folk remedy of plants containing salicylate transformed into the cure-all medication known as aspirin. Today aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is an over the counter medication that is extremely popular and is used for relieving pain, reducing fever, reducing swelling, and slowing blood clotting. The history of aspirin began in 1763 when Edward Stone wrote a paper to the Royal Society of London that claimed that willow bark could cure ague, which is now known as malaria. Later it was found that the treatment did not actually cure malaria, but instead just reduced the fever of those with the disease. Nearly a century later, a Scottish physician found that Edward Stone’s extract could also be used to relieve the symptoms of acute rheumatism. Organic chemists began working with willow bark and many other plants to try and extract and isolate the active ingredients from them, in doing so it was found that the active ingredient was salicylic acid. Salicylic acid was then industrialized for medicinal use, but soon after industrialization it was found that salicylic acid was extremely limited as a treatment because of the acidic properties that cause severe irritation in the digestive tract. In 1893, Felix Hofmann synthesized acetylsalicylic acid, which has all of the same medicinal benefits as salicylic acid but it did not have the side effect of irritating the digestive tract. Hofmann worked for Bayer, which then named acetylsalicylic acid compound aspirin. Aspirin became commercially available in 1899 and today it is estimated that over a trillion aspirin tablets have been consumed by those in need of its curative effects. In this experiment aspirin was synthesized from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Salicylic acid was esterfied using acetic acid and sulfuric acid acting as a catalyst to produce acetylsalicylic acid and acetic acid. The phenol group that will attack the carbonyl carbon of the acetic anhydride is the –OH group that is directly attached to the benzene since it is more basic than the –OH group attached to the carbonyl group. This method of forming acetylsalicylic acid is an esterification reaction. Since this esterification reaction is not spontaneous, sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst to initiate the reaction. Sulfuric acid serves as the acid catalyst since its conjugate base is a strong deprotonating group that is necessary in order for this reaction to be reversible. The need for the strong conjugate base is the reason why other strong acids such as HCl is not used since its conjugate base Cl- is very weak compared to HSO3-. After the reaction was complete some unreacted acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was still be present in the solution as well as some sulfuric acid, aspirin, and acetic acid. Crystallization, which uses the principle of solubility, was then used to remove most of the impurities and caused the acetylsalicylic acid to precipitate out of the solution. This precipitation happens because the solvent can no longer hold all of the solute molecules, and the molecules begin to leave the solution and form solid crystals. During this cooling, each solute molecule in turn approaches a growing crystal and rests on the crystal surface. If the geometry of the molecule fits that of the crystal, it will be more likely to remain on the crystal than it is to go back into the solution. Therefore, each growing crystal consists of only one type of molecule, the solute. The acetylsalicylic acid’s solubility decreased and caused it to gradually precipitate out of the solution while the other compounds were left in solution because they were either a liquid at room temperature or have higher solubilities and would not completely crystallize out of the solution. After the solution had come to room temperature, it was carefully submerged in an ice bath to complete the crystallization process. To purify the crude product, water was added to solution to further lower the solubility of acetylsalicylic acid and to dissolve some of the impurities from the crystal. The chilled solution was then filtered through vacuum filtration to isolate the pure crystals. Vacuum filtration was the technique used for separating the solid aspirin product from the solvent or liquid reaction mixture. The mixture of solid and liquid was poured through a filter paper in a Buchner funnel. The solid aspirin product was trapped by the filter and the liquid was drawn through the funnel into the flask below it by a vacuum. The aspirin product that was collected still contained some impurities. The general reaction equation and the reaction mechanism are as follows: To purify the crude aspirin product a recrystallization procedure needed to be performed to remove impurities and to further purify it. Recrystallization utilizes the different solubilities of the desired product and impurities included in the reaction mixture. So, when the solvent cools, only the impurities will remain dissolved and the â€Å"pure† product will crystallize out of the solution. The information we gather will allow us to determine the percent yield of the crude aspirin product and of the purified aspirin product. The percent yield is a way of measuring how successful a reaction has been. Percent yield problems allow us to calculate what percent of the expected product we are able to account for by the end of our experiment. Actual amount of product Percent yield = - x 100 Expected amount of product Next, a phenol test must be performed to determine the purity of the aspirin product. The impurities that could be in the purified aspirin product could be salicylic acid and other compounds that contain a hydroxyl group on a benzene ring and are known as phenols. Phenols form a highly colored complex with iron (III) chloride that can range from a pale to dark purple depending on the concentration of the phenol group present in the solution. Pure aspirin does not contain any phenol groups and should be unreactive when mixed with the iron (III) chloride solution and should remain orange in color. Another way the purity of the sample is tested is through a melting point test on the purified aspirin product. A pure compound has a specific range in which it melts and it is normally a fairly small range. If the melting point of the purified aspirin sample is lower than the expected or if it has a very broad range compared to the actual range, then the sample still contains some impurities. Experimental: In a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask add 5 mL of acetic anhydride, 1. 999g of salicylic acid, and 5 drops of sulfuric acid. Swirl the mixture in the Erlenmeyer flask for approximately one minute so that all of its contents have completely dissolved. Heat the mixture using a water bath for 10 minutes. The water bath temperature should not exceed 50 degrees Celsius. While heating the mixture, measure out 70 mL of DI water and then put it in a 100 mL beaker. Also, set up an ice bath for the mixture in the Erlenmeyer flask as well as a second ice bath for the 100 mL beaker while waiting for the mixture in the Erlenmeyer flask to heat. After the mixture has heated for 10 minutes, remove it from the water bath and allow it to cool to room temperature. Crystallization should begin once the solution reaches room temperature. If crystallization does not occur use a glass stirring rod and with strong force scratch the bottom of the Erlenmeyer flask. Cool the Erlenmeyer flask containing the mixture in the ice bath set up previously for 20 minutes. At the same time place the 100 mL beaker containing 70 mL DI water in the second ice bath set up previously for 20 minutes. While waiting for those items to cool, set up the vacuum filtration apparatus. After 20 minutes of cooling, take 50 mL of the 70 mL now cooled DI water from the 100 mL beaker and add it to the 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask that contains the mixture. Leave the 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask that contains the mixture in its ice bath and allow it to cool for an extra 5 minutes. Also leave the remaining 20 mL of DI water in the 100 mL beaker in its ice bath. After cooling for an additional 5 minutes, pour the contents in the 125mL Erlenmeyer flask into a Buchner funnel attached to the vacuum filtration apparatus. Make sure to get as much of the product into the Buchner funnel as possible. Use the remaining 20 mL of DI water in the 100 mL beaker to rinse out the 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask and wash the product in the Buchner funnel. Allow the sample to vacuum dry for 5 minutes. While waiting for the sample to vacuum dry weigh a weigh boat. After the sample has dried for 5 minutes, turn off the vacuum filtration apparatus and retrieve the crude product from the Buchner funnel and place it in the previously weighed weigh boat. Weigh the weigh boat with sample inside and record the mass of the crude product formed. Calculate the percent yield of the product formed. Next, place a few crystals of the crude product in a test tube labeled A and put to the side for later use. Reweigh your sample and record the new mass sample. Now place the crude product from the weigh boat in a 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask and add 3 mL of ethyl acetate. Heat the 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask in a water bath (not to exceed 50 degrees Celsius) until all of the product has dissolved. After 5 minutes if the product has not completely dissolved, add 5mL more of ethyl acetate. Place the 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing the product and ethyl acetate directly on the hot plate at 50 degrees Celsius. Raise the temperature of the hot plate to 125 degrees Celsius so that the solution boils. Keep a close eye on the Erlenmeyer flask. Heat the mixture for 5 minutes. After heating the mixture for 5 minutes, gravity filter what is in the 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask through filter paper. Put what goes through the filter paper back in the 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask and add petroleum ether drop by drop until crystals begin to form. If crystals do not form, place the 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask on a hot plate at 125 degrees Celsius with a boiling stone in the mixture. Wait for the mixture to boil and then let it boil for 5 minutes. After boiling for 5 minutes remove the 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask and remove the boiling stone. Allow the mixture to cool to room temperature. Scratch the bottom of the Erlenmeyer flask with a glass stirring rod with strong force. Place the Erlenmeyer flask in an ice bath for 30 minutes. Pour the contents in the 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask into a Buchner funnel attached to a vacuum filtration apparatus. Allow the product to vacuum dry for 5 minutes. While waiting for the sample to vacuum dry weigh a weigh boat. After the sample has dried for 5 minutes, turn off the vacuum filtration apparatus and retrieve the purified product from the Buchner funnel and place it in the previously weighed weigh boat. Weigh the weigh boat with sample inside and record the mass of the purified product formed. Calculate the percent yield of the product formed. Next, place a few crystals of the purified product in a test tube labeled B. Next perform the phenol test. You must have three test tubes, one labeled A with the crude aspirin product in it, one labeled B with the purified aspirin product in it, and one labeled C with salicylic acid in it. The third test tube labeled C is a control. Add 10 drops of iron (III) chloride to each test tube. Record the color observations. After recording the color of each test tube dispose of the waste into the appropriate waste container. Next, obtain a capillary tube. Fill the capillary tube with dry purified product. Invert the capillary tube and stick the open end of the capillary tube in the densest part of the crystal sample. Turn the capillary tube back to the upright position. The crystal product will be stuck at the top of the capillary tube. Tap the crystal product down to the bottom of the capillary tube. Load the capillary tube into the melting point apparatus and begin heating. Record the temperature range that the sample melts within. Once the melting point has been determined turn off the apparatus so it may cool and dispose of your capillary tube in the appropriate waste bin. Clean and dry any glassware used and return it to the appropriate location. Results: Conclusion: The mass of the crude aspirin product was 4. 791g. Due to apparent wetness of the product it is estimated that half of the mass is due to moisture. Taking this into account, the actual mass of the crude aspirin product is reduced to 2. 396g. The theoretical yield of crude aspirin product is 2. 607g. This information gave us a percent yield of 91. 89%. The mass of the purified aspirin product was 0. 301g. Due to apparent wetness of the product it is estimated that half of the mass is due to moisture. Taking this into account, the actual mass of the purified aspirin product is reduced to 0. 1505g. The percent yield of purified aspirin product was 5. 77%. This low percent yield of purified aspirin product was due to a few different factors. The first factor that caused a low percent yield was caused because we lost some crude product when we were moving our crude product from the weigh boat to the 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Another factor that could have caused a low percent yield was that when no crystals formed after adding drops of petroleum ether we placed our 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask back on the hot plate at 125 degrees Celsius. We could have accidentally boiled off some of our product. The third factor that caused a low percent yield of our purified product was that when we vacuum filtered our purified product, some of our purified product fell through the filter and into the side arm flask. Maybe if we hadn’t turned the water on so high it might not have fell through the filter. The results of the phenol test were that test tube A, which contained crude aspirin product, had no change in color and remained orange upon adding iron (III) chloride. This led us to believe that our crude aspirin product did not contain any phenol groups and was pure aspirin. Test tube B, which contained purified aspirin product also had no change in color and remained orange upon adding iron (III) chloride. This led us to believe that our purified aspirin product did not contain any phenol group and was pure aspirin. Test tube C, which contained salicylic acid, had an extreme change in color and turned dark purple. This was an expected result because salicylic acid has phenol groups and when iron (III) chloride is added it turned dark purple due to the concentration of the phenol groups present in the solution. Test tube C was our control. The results of the melting point test were that our purified aspirin product started melting at 86 degrees Celsius and at 102 degrees Celsius the entire purified aspirin product had completely melted. The melting point of the purified product was lower than the expected 135 degree Celsius melting point of aspirin, which revealed to us that the purified aspirin product still contained some impurities.