Desistance Free Essays

string(46) were casualties of their own absence of insight). Criminology Criminal Justice  © 2006 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks New Delhi) and the British Society of Criminology. www. sagepublications. We will compose a custom paper test on Desistance or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now com ISSN 1748â€8958; Vol: 6(1): 39â€62 DOI: 10. 1177/1748895806060666 A desistance worldview for guilty party the board FERGUS McNEILL Universities of Glasgow and Strathclyde, UK Abstract In an in? uential article distributed in the British Journal of Social Work in 1979, Anthony Bottoms and Bill McWilliams proposed the selection of a ‘non-treatment paradigm’ for probation practice. Their contention laid on a cautious and considered examination not just of exact proof about the incapability of rehabilitative treatment yet in addition of hypothetical, good and philosophical inquiries concerning such intercessions. By 1994, rising proof about the potential adequacy of some intercession programs was suf? cient to lead Peter Raynor and Maurice Vanstone to propose signi? cant updates to the ‘non-treatment paradigm’. In this article, it is contended that an alternate yet similarly important type of exact evidenceâ€that got from desistance studiesâ€suggests a need to rethink these prior ideal models for probation practice. This reconsideration is likewise required by the way that such examinations empower us to comprehend and guess both desistance itself and the job that correctional experts may play in supporting it. At last, these exact and hypothetical bits of knowledge drive us back to the unpredictable interfaces among specialized and moral inquiries that engrossed Bottoms and McWilliams and that should include all the more unmistakably in contemporary discussions about the fates of ‘offender management’ and of our correctional frameworks. Watchwords desistance †¢ adequacy †¢ morals †¢ guilty party the executives †¢ nontreatment worldview †¢ probation 39 40 Criminology Criminal Justice 6(1) Introduction Basic experts of the historical backdrop of thoughts in the probation administration have outlined the different recreations of probation practice that have went with changes in reformatory speculations, approaches and sensibilities. Most broadly, McWilliams (1983, 1985, 1986, 1987) depicted the changes of probation from a preacher attempt that meant to spare spirits, to a professionalized try that meant to ‘cure’ irritating through rehabilitative treatment, to an even minded undertaking that expected to give options in contrast to guardianship and down to earth help for guilty parties (see likewise Vanstone, 2004). Later reporters have proposed later changes of probation practice related ? rst to its reevaluating, in England and Wales, as ‘punishment in the community’ and afterward to its expanding center around chance administration and open assurance (Robinson and McNeill, 2004). In every one of these times of probation history, experts, scholastics and different observers have looked to verbalize new ideal models for probation practice. In spite of the fact that a significant part of the discussion about the benefits of these ideal models has concentrated on experimental inquiries concerning the ef? acy of various ways to deal with the treatment and the board of wrongdoers, probation standards additionally re? ect, verifiably or expressly, improvements both in the way of thinking and in the human science of discipline. The beginnings of this article are comparative in that the underlying force for the improvement of a desistance worldview for ‘offender management’1 rose up out of audits of desistance inquire about (McNeill, 2003) and, more speci? cally, from the ? ndings of some especially significant late investigations (Burnett, 1992; Rex, 1999; Maruna, 2001; Farrall, 2002). Notwithstanding, closer assessment of certain parts of the desistance look into likewise proposes a standardizing case for another worldview; undoubtedly, a portion of the experimental proof appears to make a need out of certain ‘practice virtues’. That these temperances are ostensibly in decrease because of the fore-fronting of hazard and open insurance in contemporary criminal equity serves to make the improvement of the case for a desistance worldview both convenient and essential. Keeping that in mind, the structure of this article is as per the following. It starts with synopses of two significant standards for probation practiceâ€the ‘nontreatment paradigm’ (Bottoms and McWilliams, 1979) and the ‘revised paradigm’ (Raynor and Vanstone, 1994). The article at that point continues with an examination of the developing hypothetical and observational case for a desistance worldview. This area draws not just on the ? ndings of desistance concentrates yet in addition on ongoing investigations of the viability of various ways to deal with making sure about ‘personal change’ all in all and on late improvements in the ‘what works’ writing specifically. The moral case for a desistance worldview is then best in class not just in the light of the observational proof about the functional need of specific methods of moral practice, yet additionally in the light of improvements in the way of thinking of discipline, most prominently the thoughts related with crafted by the ‘new rehabilitationists’ (Lewis, 2005) and with Anthony Duff’s ‘penal communications’ hypothesis (Duff, McNeillâ€A desistance worldview for guilty party the executives 2001, 2003). In the finishing up conversation, I attempt to portray out a portion of the parameters of a desistance worldview, however this is planned more as an endeavor to invigorate banter about its advancement as opposed to de? ne completely its highlights. 41 Changing standards for probation work on Writing toward the finish of the 1970s, Bottoms and McWilliams proclaimed the requirement for another worldview for probation practice, a worldview that ‘is hypothetically thorough, which pays attention to exceptionally the constraints of the treatment model; however which tries to divert the probation service’s customary points and qualities in the new corrective and social context’ (1979: 167). Bottoms and McWilliams proposed their worldview against the background of an overall view that treatment had been disparaged both observationally and morally. Despite the fact that they didn't survey the experimental case in any extraordinary detail, they allude to a few examinations (Lipton et al. , 1975; Brody, 1976; Greenberg, 1976) as building up the expansive end that ‘dramatic reformative outcomes are difficult to find and are normally absent’ (Bottoms and McWilliams, 1979: 160). They likewise focused on the hypothetical deficiencies of the treatment model, taking note of a few ? aws in the relationship between probation intercessions and clinical treatment; ? st, wrongdoing is willful while most ailments are not; second, wrongdoing isn't obsessive in any direct sense; and third, singular treatment models disregard the social reasons for wrongdoing. More regrettable despite everything, disregard of these ? aws delivered moral issues; they contended that over-con? d ence in the possibilities for affecting change through treatment had allowed its promoters both to force wrongdoers into intercessions (in light of the fact that the treatment supplier was a specialist who knew best) and to overlook offenders’ perspectives on their own circumstances (since guilty parties were survivors of their own absence of knowledge). You read Desistance in class Article models Maybe most treacherously of all, inside this belief system forced treatment could be justi? ed in offenders’ own eventual benefits. Bottoms and McWilliams additionally recognized a significant ‘implicit con? ict between the determinism suggested in determination and treatment and the much of the time focused on casework standard of customer selfdetermination’ (1979: 166). In what capacity would offenders be able to be at the same time the articles on whom mental, physical and social powers work (as the term analysis infers) and the writers of their own prospects (as the standard of self-assurance requires)? Bottoms and McWilliams’ trust was that by uncovering the shortcomings of the treatment worldview, they would take into account a renaissance of the probation service’s customary fundamental beliefs of expectation and regard for people. They recommended that the four essential points of the administration ‘are and have been: 1 2 3 4 The arrangement of suitable assistance for guilty parties The legal management of wrongdoers Diverting proper wrongdoers from custodial sentences The decrease of crime’ (1979: 168). 42 Criminology Criminal Justice 6(1) It is their conversation of the ? rst and second of these destinations that is generally applicable to the conversation here. Be that as it may, it is important ? rst that, for Bottoms and McWilliams, the issue with the treatment model was that it expected that the fourth target must be accomplished through the quest for the ? rst three; a presumption that they proposed couldn't be continued experimentally. 2 with respect to the arrangement of help instead of treatment, Bottoms and McWilliams dismissed the ‘objecti? cation’ of guilty parties suggested in the ‘casework relationship’, wherein the wrongdoer turns into an item to be dealt with, restored or oversaw in and through social approach and expert practice. One outcome of this objecti? ation, they proposed, is that the definition of treatment plans rests with the master; the methodology is basically ‘of? cer-centred’. Bottoms and McWilliams (1979: 173) recommended, by method of difference, that in the non-treatment worldview: (a) Treatment (b) Diagnosis (c) Client’s Dependent Need as the reason for social wo rk activity becomes Help Shared Assessment Collaboratively De? ned Task as the reason for social work activity In this detailing, ‘help’ incorporates however isn't constrained to material assistance; probation may keep on tending to passionate or mental dif? ulties, yet this is not, at this point its raison d’etre. Basic

Living With Aids †Creative Writing Essay

Living With Aids †Creative Writing Essay Free Online Research Papers Living With Aids Creative Writing Essay â€Å"Mom couldn’t remain to see me looking so wiped out and pitiable. She began to cry once more, and rushed out of my room. She’d promised she was never going to cry before me, since she assumed if I realized how terrified she was, I may give up.† (White, 48) Aids is a genuine malady; it unavoidably prompts demise for the patient and to the most troublesome battle for the patient’s friends and family. There are numerous bogus thoughts regarding helps which frequently makes life hard for friends and family thinking about a guides persistent. In the mid eighties when helps previously became clear guides was thought as an infectious â€Å"gay disease†. It required some investment and comprehension for individuals to understand that it was anything but a â€Å"gay disease† and that honest kids and ladies were being tainted too. There is regularly a colossal cover of preference hanging over a guides understanding which prompts making life considerably increasingly agonizing for somebody contaminated with helps. In Ryan White’s case he needed to battle in court to be permitted once more into school, possibly to be met with abhor violations when he had the option to return. (White) Segregation Numerous individuals despite everything don't have exact data about the guides infection, yet during the eighties numbness was at its tallness. Helps patients regularly thought that it was hard to proceed with their ordinary exercises as a result of the bias and misguided judgment about the infection. When Ryan White was permitted to come back to his state funded school he had to bargain with the educational committee to utilize expendable flatware and utilize separate washrooms. (White) Bullets were shot at White’s windows, he had to leave his paper course, and he was never liberated from persistent prodding from the two companions and grown-ups. (White) Everything that he contacted was viewed as polluted. The AIDS Virus â€Å"AIDS, which represents Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is brought about by an infection the sort of bug that gives you this season's cold virus which gets into your blood. Once it’s been there sufficiently long, it takes out your invulnerable framework, which is comprised of specific kinds of cells in your blood that normally assist you with warding off diseases and keep you well. At this moment there is no immunization or some other sort of medication that frees your body of the AIDS infection and fixes your resistant framework. So once you have AIDS, you begin contracting a wide range of different infections, and inevitably beyond words them. They realized you could get the infection from engaging in sexual relations with somebody who had it, or by utilizing a hypodermic needle that was polluted with the infection. During sex your body ingests your partner’s semen or vaginal release, which could convey the infection. A needle with sullied blood on it resem bles a four-path interstate to AIDS, since you could infuse the infection directly into your own circulation system. A third way the infection can get into your blood is from a transfusion of blood or blood items like Factor VIII that happened to originate from somebody with AIDS.† (White, 40) A few gatherings of individuals are increasingly vulnerable to being tainted with the AIDS infection in view of things that they do. The primary gathering is gay men, who pass the infection along through sex. (White) Drug addicts who offer needles can pass AIDS on too. The third most normal gathering is hemophiliacs and others who need blood transfusions and infusions of blood items. (White40-45) It is difficult to spread the AIDS infection to somebody through easygoing contact. (White, 47) Living with Someone Infected With the AIDS Virus â€Å"If anything happens to Ryan,† she stated, â€Å"I don’t need to go on without him. You and I ought to go out to the carport, close the entryways, sit in the vehicle, and let the engine run.† (White, 53) The mix of provocation from separating individuals, and realizing that somebody you love will before long bite the dust, frequently leaves individuals thinking about somebody with the AIDS infection with the serious physiological injury from managing it at the same time. Clinical costs include rapidly for an AIDS patient’s family. The expensive outings to and from the crisis room don’t come modest, now and again leaving families bankrupt. The downtime from work that families must take doesn’t help with the monetary circumstance. Kin at times need to surrender exercises or remain with family members for brief timeframes now and again while guardians deal with their debilitated AIDS youngster. A misguided judgment about AIDS is that relati ves will likewise come down with the infection, anyway that has never occurred. â€Å"But you don’t need to worry,† Dr. Kleiman said. No one who lives with an AIDS quiet has ever gotten the infection. You can’t get it from easygoing contact with Ryan.† Research Papers on Living With Aids - Creative Writing EssayArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Genetic EngineeringCapital PunishmentThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Hockey GamePersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

Workplace Mental Health at BHP Billiton †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Workplace Mental Health at BHP Billiton. Answer: Presentation Alright Tedi is the open pit copper and gold mine arranged in Papua New Guinea. The mining site situated close to the Ok Tedi River in the Star Mountains Rural LLG in the North Fly District of the Western Province. BHP Billton then again is a Melbourne based worldwide mining organization. BHP Billton concentrates and procedures the minerals, oil and gas principally from Australia and America (bhp.com. 2017). This report will concentrate on the moral issue of BHP happened in Ok Tedi mine. A nitty gritty investigation of the companys CSR approach will be led to comprehend the obligation and operational procedures. BHP was sued by the Papua New Guinea landowner in the Victorian Supreme Court of in Melbourne in 1994. The claims were drawn on BHP expressing that the organization is causing natural corruption by dumping the mine tailings squander into the streams of Ok Tedi and Fly. The organization went to an out-of-court settlement of AUUS$40 million in budgetary pay alongside the digging of following from the streams to stop further harm in 1996. The organization was again asserted in 2000 for breaking the provisions of 1996 settlement. It drove the organization to pull back its activities structure Ok Tedi mine to the Papua New Guinea Sustainable Development Program Limited moving about 52% of its value stake the board (Business-humanrights.org. 2017). The organization needed to pay an AUS$ 40 million to the state in money related mode for damaging the ecological obligations and causing a genuine corruption of the nature. Also, their activities brought about a corruption of the fish networks close by. Notwithstanding the monitory installment, the organization additionally needed to partake during the time spent digging the following out of the waterways. It will confine the further harm. BHP CSR Activities Companys CSP approach conveys the moral quest for the organization to it significant partners. As indicated by their approach, the thinks about zero resistance for the offenses of segregation, consistence with law, debasement, pay off and blackmail, biofuels, world legacy locales and secured regions, opportunity of affiliation, work environment wellbeing and wellbeing, living wages, treatment of representatives, constrained or necessary work, youngster work and the earth (OCallaghan and Graetz 2017). As indicated by BHP, they work appropriately to the way, which is defensive of the earth and follow all relevant condition laws, guideline and standard. Anyway the case happened in Ok Tedi on 1994 reflects activities distinctively causing the ecological debasement. It brought about deforestation of in excess of 3000 square kilometers transforming the tropical downpour timberlands into savannahs. It likewise caused a huge debasement of the fish populace (OCallaghan and Graetz 2017). The organization conveys their CSR data to the partners for better deal with their tasks. In addition, they have a procedure of getting input from their significant partners that will thus help them in dealing with the business in a progressively moral way (OCallaghan and Graetz 2017). BHP claims that their CSR strategy considers the wellbeing and security of their representatives and set the working environment as needs be. The CSR approach of the organization expresses that it guarantees the wellbeing and soundness of the working powers. Further it takes proper prudent steps to shield representatives from business related perils and foreseen risks. In addition, the organization guarantees the flexibly of wellbeing and security preparing to their workers all the time. Notwithstanding, the common sense contrasts from their expressed CSR strategy. Be that as it may, the report delivered at Beyond Blue, the laborers of BHP are relied upon to endure psychological well-being condition in their life time because of working in BHP around the world. The psychological well-being was distinguished as an issue in BHP working environment that needs quick consideration. Be that as it may, the most extreme number of laborers in BHP is male who denies to get any sort of help of psychological well-being. In any case, the organization readdressed its CSR approach by including the psychological health principles, which was propelled in 2014 (mqmentalhealth.org. 2017). The organization looks for the most significant level of administration for their association and endeavors to cultivate a culture to esteem and prize the excellent moral norms, individual and corporate honesty and regard for other people (BHP Billiton. 2017). They have distinctive administration practices and limited by them. They are: Constitution of BHP Billton Limited Update Corporate Governance Statement They additionally framed board advisory groups that work under explicit terms that incorporates: Board Governance Terms of Appointment of Non-Executive Director Non-Executive Director Induction Program Compensation Committee Hazard and Audit Committee Designation and Governance Committee Manageability Committee Account Committee Moreover, the organization has a portion of the center approaches by which, all the tasks are facilitated. They are: Code of Business Conduct Protections Dealing Arrangement of Audit and Other Services by the External Auditor Market Disclosure and Communications Autonomy of Directors Policy Our Approach to Diversity Results and Effects In spite of the fact that the CSR arrangements expressed by the organization mirrors the obligations of attempted by the organization is slick, they impressively differs in reality. The OK Tedi is a key model that features the escape clauses in the CSR arrangement of BHP Billton. In spite of the fact that they express a portion of the eye getting CSR arrangements and cases to be limited by the principles, their activities extensively goes astray. They activities have cost various partners and furthermore undermine the natural calamities in their working environment. BHP Billton Foundation is an expansion of the BHP Billton mining organization that volunteers to the social causes. This is a cause firm that expects to make an unmistakable commitment to the uncommon supportable improvement challenges looked by the present age (bhp.com. 2017). End The report can reason that the CSR arrangement the executives expressed by the organization is all around explained and all around organized. The organization can genuinely accomplish the supportability by following the CSR approaches set by them. In any case, there is a critical hole between the approach expressed and the tasks attempted by the organization. They neglected to address the arrangements which came about into the instance of OK tedi and corrupted the ecological condition hurting the significant partners in the territory. References BHP Billiton. 2017.BHP Billiton | Governance. [online] Available at: https://www.bhp.com/our-approach/our-organization/administration [Accessed 28 Oct. 2017]. bhp.com. 2017.BHP Billiton | About us. [online] Available at: https://www.bhp.com/our-approach/our-organization/about-us [Accessed 28 Oct. 2017]. bhp.com. 2017.BHP Billiton | BHP Billiton Foundation. [online] Available at: https://www.bhp.com/network/bhp-billiton-establishment [Accessed 28 Oct. 2017]. Business-humanrights.org. 2017.BHP claim (re Papua New Guinea) | Business Human Rights Resource Center. [online] Available at: https://business-humanrights.org/en/bhp-claim re-papua-new-guinea [Accessed 28 Oct. 2017]. mqmentalhealth.org. 2017.Workplace psychological well-being at BHP Billiton. [online] Available at: https://www.mqmentalhealth.org/articles/bhp-billiton-work-place-emotional wellness contextual analysis [Accessed 28 Oct. 2017]. OCallaghan, T. also, Graetz, G., 2017. Presentation. InMining in the Asia-Pacific(pp. 1-15). Springer, Cham.

Mr. Fix-It free essay sample

For as long as nine years, a lot of my extra time has been committed to dismantling things. I appreciate fixing pretty much everything from gadgets to vehicles. I originally found my affection for destroying things when I was eight. I was playing with one of my numerous remote-control vehicles when it destroyed the steps of my deck and broke into pieces, uncovering its inward activities. I had no clue what they were or what they did, yet I was interested by all the doohickeys inside †the engines and circuit sheets that made it move. I started to dismantle the entirety of my remote-control toys to check whether they were comparative. As I got more seasoned, I started to see how these parts functioned. At that point I understood that on the off chance that I dismantled something, I could utilize the pieces to make something different. This prompted the production of numerous Frankenstein gadgets †like a lift for my Lego structures, electric Knex vehicles, and mechanized wooden vessels †all produced using electric engines and circuit sheets. We will compose a custom exposition test on Mr. Fix-It or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page When I even made my own helicopter utilizing portions of a remote-control vehicle and some Styrofoam. I formed the froth into a fuselage and utilized the vehicles plastic to make rotors. The engine wasnt amazing enough for supported flight, so I took one from a beast truck and bound it onto the circuit load up. I surmise my affection for fixing things originated from my dad. Since the time I could hold a screwdriver I have chased after him, helping fix things. As I developed, he showed me how to fix things as well as how to assemble them. Together, we have finished loads of tasks, including docks, tables, and dividers. He showed me how to pound, cut wood, and make things level and solid. At the point when it came time for me to figure out how to fix vehicles, I right away cherished it. My first venture was an oil change. At the point when it was done and I had oil on all fours all over, I felt practiced and glad. Since that first oil change, my insight into vehicles has developed enormously. I can fix pretty much anything on a vehicle, and what I cannot fix all alone, my dad and I do together. He has shown me nearly everything about vehicles. I despite everything dismantle things, albeit now they are considerably more intricate and significantly greater. I am at present taking a shot at two innovations, neither of which exists yet, as far as anyone is concerned. I accept that these two thoughts could change the manner in which we take a gander at transportation and diversion. I generally hear individuals state you ought to pick your vocation not founded on cash, however on what you love. I am fortunate that I discovered my enthusiasm at such a youthful age. I realize that turning into an architect will offer me the chance to take my enthusiasm for making new things and apply it to the world.

Research and Critique Paper Central Line Infections - 1100 Words

Research and Critique Paper: Central Line Infections (Research Paper Sample) Content: Research designThis section offers an analysis of mixed research methodology (both qualitative and quantitative) as considered in the research. The key objective is to offer an explanation of the method considered in answering questions. The subsections covered in this chapter include piloting sequence, data collection, coding and analysis of data, so as to investigate various issues like (). This section surveys the method by which various (..) and investigator outcomes were achieved there, exemplifying how such outcomes collaborate with the questionnaires to give quantitative analysis of background evidence. The study procedure for the qualitative and quantitative methods considered in the assessment of the topic, regardless of being fundamentally Western, was highly generative.The initial stage included a comprehensive qualitative effort to define the study focus. The subsequent phase comprised of a pilot study facilitated with the attempt of offering help in the d esign of questionnaires. The questionnaires structure was guided by several research questions created at the instance of quantitative process as well as the questionnaires issued at the distinct qualitative scrutiny. A mixed method was the research methodology utilized in the study, and was considered significantly qualitative regardless of being informed through a quantitative assessment (chapter 5); this is equally identified as methodological triangulation, comprising the use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches and data to examine identical occurrences within the identical study (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998: 18). According to Cresswell (1995), a mixed approach can be defined as a "dominant-less dominant study" where there is "a single dominant [research] paradigm with a small component of the overall study derived from an alternative design" (177). Generally, in accordance with Tashakkori and Teddlie (1998) the mixed method is normally an outcome of the pragmatist p aradigm ... combining the qualitative and quantitative approaches within different phases of the research process" (19). The causes of deploying both quantitative and qualitative approaches included the ability to comprehensively cover the field, not simply granting statistical data to researcher-based interactivity and quantitative approaches to qualitative techniques (Miles and Huberman, 1994).Nonetheless, linking or integrating methodologies, examining, detailing and expanding by turns, establishes that "to construct dense, well-built, assimilated, and comprehensive theory" (Strauss and Corbin, 1998: 33), it is important to have some level of generative interplay between approaches. In research studies, a study design is highly important in establishing the capacity of the study to answer the research questions adequately. As stipulated by Bryman (2008), research design offers the overall framework for data collection and analysis correlated to the phenomenon being examined. Res earch approaches can be categorized mainly into inductive and deductive research approaches, with each one appearing to use quantitative techniques that use mathematical or statistical models associated with the research questions and gauge correlations by use of statistical approaches. Both quantitative and qualitative methods can be contrasted with the latter attempting to decipher meanings. Inductive research seems to be related to qualitative approaches.Researchers have a number of research designs to choose from, respective of their research objectives and problems. In accordance with Bryman (2008), there are 5 fundamental research designs: comparative, longitudinal, survey, experimental and case study. From the experimental point of view, the researcher is able to examine the effect of one independent variable on a dependent one, provided additional variables capable of affecting the association between the two variables are regulated for. This design is founded on a specific theoretical framework and normally centres on a few variables. The researcher is able to examine the establishment of recognized phenomenon within a given duration, courtesy of longitudinal designs, normally associated with divisions of social science like social policy and sociology. For survey designs, data is gathered from numerous instances mainly through use of structured interviews or questionnaires, typically with the intent of generalizing about a given population.In accordance with Fowler (2009), total survey entails guaranteeing the quality of various survey elements that can impact its precision, more so the sample, the features of those whom data are gathered, the questions design, as well as the data gathering procedures. On the other hand, a research design involving a case study involves investigating a single case comprehensively. In accordance with Yin (1994), case studies come in form of exploratory, descriptive or explanatory form. Various researchers have offer ed contradictory perceptions of the constituents to a case, with Johansson (2003:2) stipulating how the common denominator that case study researchers (Yin 1994; Merriam 1994; Stake 1995, 1998; Miles Huberman 1994; Gillham 2001) might agree on would be something along the following lines: The case study should have a case which is the object of study. The case should be a complex functioning unit, be investigated in its natural context with a multitude of me multitude of methods, and be contemporary. The design engaged in the present study is a case study due to several reasons, and within it, semi-structured interviews, survey, as well as secondary data have been merged (i.e. a research through case study engaging mixed research approaches). The initial reason justifying the appropriateness of a case study design is its objective to examine opinions and discernments regarding the suitability of Omans private sector for private sector led development.To some level, this study is a lso exploratory, therefore the significance of deigns in form of a case study lies within their capacity to enable the researcher to examine the association of phenomenon meagrely comprehended, due to meagre prevailing literature. This survey in most cases focuses on a sufficient account of the phenomenon hosting the research focus, in their real life context when the boundaries between the phenomenon and context are not clear (Yin, 2009, p.18). The research questions in the present study have not been examined in the previous literature in Oman, while the researcher readily accessed the networks and contacts in Oman and these were able to enhance the study. Accessing the pertinent stakeholders in different nations might have been extreme time consuming and problematic, without success assurance. The perception of this condition is based on how questions are related with Yins table, above (Fig 4.1) whereby the study attempts to examine the capacity of private sector to catalyse econ omic profess in Oman. Subsequently, the research never necessitated to control the behavioural aspects (that is an experiment) and thirdly concentrating (highly) on modern practices (the study needs the gathering of data concerning various factors as relating to Oman private sector. Such factors are many and diversified, such as Omans business setting.Research methodsMost studies engage a mixture of research approaches within a case study. Just as stipulated by Johansson (2003:3), One major feature of case study methodology is that different methods are combined with the purpose of illuminating a case from different angles: to triangulate by combining methodologies. Just as stipulated above, there is meagre literature concerning the perception of Oman on the function of private sector in the region besides lacking up-to-date, precise, and consistent statistics concerning the economy. Nonetheless, there are a number of intricacies correlated with studies of the purpose of the privat e sector in the economy of Oman. Due to the above reasons, as well as the intricacy of the present study, the researcher engaged this subject, empirically, by engaging various approaches so as to acquire the needed data. In accordance with Borg and Gall (1996), the two techniques (qualitative and quantitative methods) enable the researchers to come up with significant discoveries, particularly upon being engaged together in one study, for combining semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. The current study utilized a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods in a complementary manner. These approaches were considered so as to get rid of any intricacies concerning coverage, availability and linkage of data. These are categorized into two:Qualitative methodsAs stated by Myers (2009, p 9), qualitative research is best if you want to study a particular subject in depth and when the particular topic is new and there is not much previously published research on that topic. Th e key prevailing approach considered in the present study was semi-structured interviews, typically a qualitative research approach.Selection of particular quotesThe method considered in the analysis of qualitative data (comprising of 42 semi-structured interviews) included thematic analysis, with the capacity to identify data patterns to be analysed into key themes. In accordance with Fereday et al. (2006), this inductive method is data driven. The present study considered a mixed techniques design with thematic analysis being in consistent with this design since it doesnt need adherence to a specific philosophical paradigm (Braun and Clarke 2006; Fereday, et al 2006). In his study, Boyzatis (1999) proposed an approach that entailed a model for analysing data qualitativel...

Why Students Cheat, and What To Do About It

Research shows that schools with honor codes (especially those that are long-standing) report less incidents of cheating than those without them. But what if companies had honor codes? Would they reduce unethical behavior in the workplace? First, let’s go back to schools to understand why some institute codes in the first place. If you are a business student, know this: MBA students are more likely to engage in cheating than any other type of masters student in the United States and Canada. In 2006, Donald McCabe, Linda Trevino, and Ken Butterfield published a study that showed that 56% of business graduate students had cheated at least once in an academic year – almost 10% more than other graduate students. Yikes. As we mentioned in a previous post on cheating, in our research at Hult Labs we’ve talked to business leaders on almost ever single continent and, despite the various industries and functions they represent, the majority agreed on one thing: ethics are supremely important. Leaders expect that the business graduates they hire are going to have a finely tuned moral compass. Many of them even said that integrity mattered more than the â€Å"hard† skills students strive to develop and hone in their programs. So just why is cheating more widespread now, despite the fact that employers want to avoid those who engage in it? In an interview with Jeffrey Davis, in The Company Ethicist, McCabe said this: â€Å"Because students see no reason not to cheat. They see others cheating and know how important their GPA is and, as a result, they feel compelled to do the same. Ive had many students say to me, ‘you get those other students to stop cheating, you dont have to worry about me. Ill stop immediately.’† In a New York Times article from last fall, a couple of other experts weighed in. Jeffrey Roberts and David Wasieleski from Duquesne University said they believe the ubiquity of the Internet plays a big role, as does the increasing emphasis on teamwork at schools. In the article, Wasieleski said: â€Å"Students are surprisingly unclear about what constitutes plagiarism or cheating.† Howard Gardner, of the Harvard School of Education, holds a view that is as much a commentary on society as it is on a cheating scandal: â€Å"We want to be famous and successful, we think our colleagues are cutting corners, we’ll be damned if we’ll lose out to them, and some day, when we’ve made it, we’ll be role models. But until then, give us a pass.† But Laurie Hazard, director at Bryant University’s Academic Center for Excellence, believes that schools themselves don’t do enough to drive home the consequences of cheating. In the article, she said: â€Å"Institutions do a poor job of making those boundaries clear and consistent, of educating students about them, of enforcing them, and of giving teachers a clear process to follow through on them.† The article also referenced a study the Josephson Institute of Ethics had conducted on cheating among high school students. While 60% admitted to having cheated recently, 80% rated their ethics as higher than average. Clearly, there’s a disconnect. President of the institute, Michael Josephson, said that schools infrequently â€Å"place any meaningful emphasis on integrity, academic or otherwise, and colleges are even more indifferent than high schools.† If the waters are murky when it comes to what constitutes cheating, and few schools do anything to illuminate the matter for students (nor make them face the consequences) it’s easy to see why students may (knowingly or unknowingly) take an unethical path. But when it comes to MBA students, McCabe says there’s another dynamic at play. In his article â€Å"MBAs Cheat, But Why?† he writes, â€Å"I believe the biggest issue is the get-it-done, damn-the-torpedoes, succeed-at-all costs mentality that many business students bring to the game.† He goes on to describe how the vicious cycle of moral compromising starts, and how it can impact those who fall into it: â€Å"Achievers are trained, from an early age, to go for the A – often regardless of the means – and as motivated ‘students’ climb up the corporate ladder, they are often more influenced by rewards than by their values. Their ethics become even muddier. As these people get older, many become more acutely aware of the gap between their professional (competitive) and personal (moral) lives; they become more psychologically frayed. Life, at least for them, has become a series of compromises.† But some business schools have been stepping up their game to get students to forcefully think about ethics, and why making the right choices matters. Unethical breaches in the corporate world have been raising a lot of questions about how schools are shaping the next generation of leaders. â€Å"There’s really a gap between what goes on in business and what goes on in business education,† said Judith Samuelson, executive director of Beyond Grey Pinstripes at the Aspen Institute in an interview with MBA Podcaster. The organization tracks the coursework of business schools around the world to determine which schools are prioritizing curriculum changes to incorporate social, ethical and environmental issues into their programs. Stanford Business School had the top spot in 2012. [They’re] creating both opportunities for students, as well as making sure there’s exposure to the critical questions in their curriculum,† said Samuelson. Dartmouth’s Tuck School of Business has required ethics courses, and also coordinates student discussions on a variety of ethical situations in the corporate world. Said Dean Paul Danos in the interview: â€Å"There’s no doubt that the whole concept of ethics and integrity among business people is a very important topic†¦it’s something we have to keep emphasizing because it’s one of the foundations of good management†¦[but] even a person with integrity, if they don’t see these problems in context, they may not recognize them.† McCabe, however, thinks the onus is on students. â€Å"Students need to take ownership and solve the problem. I dont think we can impose a solution. Thats why Im a supporter of academic honor codes.† He highlights Washington and Lee University as a prime example. The school’s code has been embedded in the culture of the school since the mid-1840s, and is entirely student-run. Every two years it’s up for referendum (the idea being that the newest cohort of students must choose to keep the system going). McCabe said that the school’s code has also deeply influenced many of the school’s alumni in terms of how they assert ethics and integrity in their own companies, and in their own lives. Instituting an honor code, however, is not an easy feat. Honor codes are more likely to succeed in smaller, more controlled settings. And, it takes time, dedication, and perseverance to implement one, which is why instituting one at the corporate level is particularly challenging. But McCabe thinks that a company that makes the commitment to do so can reap the benefits, especially in the long run, once the code is ingrained in the company culture. â€Å"Short-term Im pessimistic simply because the problems so deep rooted its going to take time to solve it. But I remain optimistic that we can do something ultimately.† If you would like to find out more about our business programs,  download a brochure here. Photo courtesy of the University of Saskatchewan. Hult offers a range of highly skills-focused and employability-driven business school programs including a range of MBA options and a comprehensive one year Masters in International Business. To find out more, take a look at our blog Introduce yourself and say Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021 Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021"> During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . Happy New Year, Hultians! . Happy New Year, Hultians! .

Ph.D. Dissertation Writing A Short Guide

A dissertation, also known as a doctoral thesis, is the final required part of completing a students  doctoral study. Undertaken after a student completes coursework and passes a comprehensive examination, the dissertation is the final hurdle in completing a Ph.D. or other doctoral degree. The dissertation is expected to make a new and creative contribution to a field of study and to demonstrate the students expertise. In social science and science programs, the dissertation usually requires conducting empirical research. Elements of a Strong Dissertation According to the Association of American Medical Colleges, a strong medical dissertation relies heavily on the creation of a specific hypothesis that can be either disproven or supported by data collected by independent student research. Further, it must also contain several key elements starting with an introduction to the problem statement, conceptual framework and research question as well as references to literature on already published on the topic.   A dissertation must also be relevant (and proven to be such) as well as capable of being researched independently by the student. Though the required length of these dissertations varies by school, the governing body overseeing the practice of medicine in the United States standardizes this same protocol. Also included in the dissertation is the methodology for research and data collection as well as instrumentation and quality control. A stated section on population and sample size for the study is imperative to defending the thesis once it comes time to do so. Like most scientific publications, the thesis must also contain a section of published results and an analysis of what this entails for the scientific or medical community. The discussion and conclusion sections let the review committee know that the student understands the full implications of his or her work as well as its real-world application to their field of study (and soon, professional work).   Approval Process Although students are expected to conduct the bulk of their research and pen the entire dissertation on their own, most graduate medical programs provide an advisory and review committee to the student upon starting their studies. Through a series of weekly reviews over their course of schooling, the student and his or her advisor hone in on the hypothesis of the dissertation before they submit it to the review committee to begin work on writing the thesis.   From there, the student can take as long or as short of a time as they need to complete their dissertation, often resulting in students who have finished their entire courseload achieving ABD status (all but dissertation), just shy of receiving their full Ph.D. In this interim period, the student — with the occasional  guidance of his or her advisor —   is expected to research, test and write a dissertation that can be defended in a public forum.   Once the review committee accepts the finalized draft of the thesis, the doctoral candidate will then get the chance to publicly defend his or her statements. If they pass this test, the dissertation is submitted electronically to the schools academic journal or archive and the candidates full doctoral degree is issued once the final paperwork has been submitted.

Racial Classification Under Apartheid

In the Apartheid state of South Africa (1949-1994),  your racial classification was everything. It determined where you could live, who you could marry, the types of jobs you could get, and so many other aspects of your life. The whole legal infrastructure of Apartheid rested on racial classifications, but the determination of a persons race often fell to census takers and other bureaucrats. The arbitrary ways in which they classified race are astounding, especially when one considers that peoples whole lives hinged on the result. Defining Race The 1950 Population Registration Act declared that all South Africans be classified into one of three races: white, native (black African), or colored (neither white nor native). The legislators realized that trying to classify people scientifically or by some set biological standards would never work. So instead they defined race in terms of two measures: appearance and public perception. According to the law, a person was white if they were â€Å"obviously...[or] generally accepted as White. The definition of native was even more revealing: a person who in fact is or is generally accepted as a member of any aboriginal race or tribe of Africa. People who could prove that they were accepted as another race, could actually petition to change their racial classification. One day you could be native and the next colored. This was not about fact but perception. Perceptions of Race For many people, there was little question of how they would be classified. Their appearance aligned with preconceptions of one race or another, and they associated only with people of that race.  There were other individuals, though, who did not fit neatly into these categories, and their experiences highlighted the absurd and arbitrary nature of racial classifications.   In the initial round of racial classification in the 1950s, census takers quizzed those whose classification they were unsure about. They asked people on the language(s) they spoke, their occupation, whether they had paid native taxes in the past, who they associated with, and even what they ate and drank. All of these factors were seen as indicators of race. Race in this respect was based on economic and lifestyle differences - the very distinctions Apartheid laws set out to protect.   Testing Race Over the years, certain unofficial tests were also set up to determine the race of individuals who either appealed their classification or whose classification was challenged by others. The most infamous of these was the â€Å"pencil test†, which said that if a pencil placed in ones hair fell out, he or she was white. If it fell out with shaking, colored, and if it stayed put, he or she was black. Individuals could also be subjected to humiliating examinations of the color of their genitals, or any other body part that the determining official felt was a clear marker of race. Again, though, these tests had  to be about appearance and public perceptions, and in the racially stratified and segregated society of South Africa, appearance determined public perception. The clearest example of this is the sad case of Sandra Laing. Ms. Laing was born to white parents, but her appearance resembled that of a light-skin colored person. After her racial classification was challenged at school, she was re-classified as colored and expelled. Her father took a paternity test, and eventually, her family got her re-classified as white. She was still ostracized by the white community, however, and she ended up marrying a black man. In order to remain with her children, she petitioned to be re-classified again as colored. To this day, over twenty years after the end of Apartheid, her brothers refuse to speak to her. Sources Posel, Deborah. Race as Common Sense: Racial Classification in Twentieth-Century South Africa,  African Studies Review  44.2 (Sept 2001): 87-113. Posel, Deborah, Whats in a Name?: Racial categorisations under Apartheid and their afterlife,  Transformation  (2001).

A Successful Inclusive Classroom For Children With Autism

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder In order to create a successful inclusive classroom for children with autism, it is important to know more about the disorder and its characteristics. Every person with autism has different characteristics. â€Å"Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder display a range of specific characteristics such as: (a) impairments in communication and interactions with others; (b) restricted, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors, interests and activities; (c) delays in either ‘social interaction, language as used in social communication or symbolic or imaginative play’ with onset before the age of three† (Deris Carlo, 2013). â€Å"A child’s profile along the continuum of Autism Spectrum Disorders dictates the severity of impairment in language engagement, social connectedness, sensory integration, and cognitive skills† (Friedlander, 2009). Each person is very unique. â€Å"They include autistic disorder (sometimes r eferred as â€Å"classic autism†), Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and Asperger syndrome† (Autism Speaks). The table below shows three different levels of severity of autism. The data focuses on the level of severity, the social communication, and the restrictive, repetitive behaviors Table 2 Severity levels for autism spectrum disorder (Autism Speaks). Severity level Social communication Restricted, repetitive behaviors Level 3 Requiring very substantialShow MoreRelatedTeaching Elementary Children With Autism1638 Words   |  7 Pages(2012). Teaching Elementary Children with Autism: Addressing Teacher Challenges and Preparation Needs. Rural Educator, 33(2), 27-35. II. Problem 1. How adequate is the current teacher preparation program for preparing general education teachers for teaching children with autism? 2. Scheuermann et al asked, â€Å"If a teacher meets state standards for certification, but has no coursework in or experience with autism, is that teacher highly qualified to teach students with autism?† 3. What challenges canRead MoreA Case Study of a First-grade Student1344 Words   |  5 Pagesform of tantrums. Although he has deficits in communication and social skills, Adam excels in completing certain tasks that are designed for upper level students. After reviewing the symptoms and the reactions he exhibits, I believe the student has Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). At this time, I would choose treatment options that implement behavior modification techniques. I believe this is the correct form of treatment due to his behaviors not being severe enough to be treated with medication. HeRead MoreMultiple Disabilities Are Defined By Concomitant Impairments Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pageswith a defect that caused him to be born blind. The blind twin goes to a special school for blind children, and is a music prodigy. He is seven years old and can play around eight instruments at a professional level. His parents had noticed a series of concerning behaviors as he was beginning to d evelop. These behaviors expressed were similar to those that are seen in children who are on the autism spectrum. Due to the fact that he was blind they were unsure whether these behaviors were a resultRead MoreHigh Expectations And Appropriate Accountability1209 Words   |  5 Pages1991). Equally important are the critical elements of structure within a classroom. All components of the student’s environment and educational program should be tailored to meet the particular needs of each student. Students with autism face organizational challenges and difficulties with general rules or simple directions due to limited comprehension or language skills (Wolerey Cordisco, 1992). While a self-contained classroom for younger autistic students may require areas for play, snack, restRead MoreInclusion: Is it Effective at the Elementary Level? Essays1518 Words   |  7 PagesInclusion is where children classified as Intellectually Disabled (ID) are put into a regular classroom instead of a special education classroom. Previously called mental retardation, ID, as defined by the National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities (NICHCY), is a term used to describe a child with certain limitations in mental functioning, and in skills such as communication, personal care, or social skills. (2011) These limitations will cause a child to develop more slowly thanRead MoreThe Class Room By William Wright G000516811318 Words   |  6 PagesRoom William Wright G00051681 General Purpose: Inclusion in the Class Room Specific Purpose: To persuade my readers that inclusion is important in the class room. Central Idea: Institutions should have programs for special needs children to integrate them in classrooms with regular students. . INTRODUCTION I. Attention Material A. Models to show how students with assistance can be measured 1. Some teachers think that inclusions are a plus in the class rooms. 2. Other teachers think that thinkRead MoreInclusive Education For Children With Disabilities1631 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Inclusive education is where children with disabilities receive special education services in the general education setting. Many factors can make inclusion difficult or complex. Accommodating instruction to meet the educational needs of all students is one of the most fundamental problems in education. Many argue that inclusive practices benefit all students. While others argue that inclusive education is inadequately designed to meet the needs of exceptional students. Benefits of inclusiveRead MoreUse Of A Peer Support Intervention For Promoting Academic Engagement Of Students With Autism1505 Words   |  7 Pages Use of a Peer Support Intervention for Promoting Academic Engagement of Students with Autism in General Education Danielle D. Clawson SED 532 J. Babcock October 25, 2015 â€Æ' Abstract Students with autism spectrum disorder show benefits from being educated in general education classrooms with interactions with typically developing peers. However, behaviors exhibited by students with ASD often lead them back to segregated special education settings. The purposeRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder and Attitudes About Inclusion Teaching2125 Words   |  9 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a range of neurological disorders that usually affect the normal functioning of the brain. They are characterized by highly repetitive behavior, extensive impairment in communication and social interactions as well as severely restricted interests. The spectrum encompasses Autism, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Rett Disorder, Pervasive Development Disorder, and Asperger’s Disorder. Prevalence statistics The prevalence ofRead MoreSpecial Education Students: Inclusion vs Reality Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pageswords such as idiot, moron, and retard were once used as actual labels for disabled children in special education. â€Å"Prior to 1975, schools were not mandated to educate students with disabilities . . . . [Those with disabilities] were deemed to be uneducable and were barred from entering schools† (â€Å"Exceptional Students†). Federal and state laws, as well as mandates, now require schools to educate all children with disabilities in the least restrictive environment, to the maximum extent possible

Is Safety Something We Should Sacrifice Privacy For Our...

Is safety something we should sacrifice privacy for in our lives? In this essay I will discuss if this is a moral issue, what makes engineers information more private than others, what national and state laws say about this issue and whether they are right, and what ethical theories you could use to solve this question. Safety of our country is important, but there is a fine line in this country, and particularly in the work place, between safety and privacy. I believe that engineering companies should not be allowed to go through employees’ messages or emails. First, lets examine why this is a moral issue. The Webster dictionary defines moral as â€Å"concerning or relating to what is right and wrong in human behavior† (1). Whether employers of engineers should be able to read messages or emails of their employees is a moral decision. For the employers to read the emails of their employees can be seen as either right or wrong. People who see it right would say that the employees are employed by the employers, meaning that their emails or messages technically belong to the employers and they have the right to go through them. Other individuals including myself would say that the employers are invading the privacy of their employees, and the employees are not obligated by the company to have their privacy infringed upon. The constitution of the United States of America states that all citizens have the freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly. This means that employees ofShow MoreRelatedShould The Government Have A Right? Essay1082 Words   |  5 PagesShould the governme nt have a right to demand a backdoor to unlock iPhones? People who are advocates of the government having a backdoor to unlock iPhones believe that this act will help reduce crime in society. Apple is one of the most widespread and frequently used brands in today’s society. It is no astonishment that the government seeks to use this company as a resource for information on crime activity. This demand has recently resulted from the government being unable to access the informationRead MoreShould We Protect Our Privacy? Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiences with terrorism and violence. The experience and pain we were put through as a nation, people do not consider being subjected to government surveillance. Our security from future terrorist attacks is vital, then again not as vital as our privacy. People shouldn’t be so quick to sacrifice their privacy rights, in order to allow the government to monitor national security. Giving the government the power of invading our privacy, creates an effortless way for them to viol ate their power andRead MoreThe Rights Of Our Privacy Essay1695 Words   |  7 PagesAs a nation, we have had many first-hand experiences with terrorism and violence. 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MBA-Marketing Management

Question: Identify one product/service from a business. Answer: Introduction This assignment aims to identify one product/service from a business. It will contain information that may be utilized for a marketing plan in future. The chosen product is iPhone, which is a product of Apple. Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne, and Steve Wozniak established Apple in the year 1976. iPhone attracts customers who want to store information and communicate or individuals who like to have entertainment. The target segments comprise of students, professionals entrepreneurs, corporate users, and healthcare professionals. This assignment describes the current marketing situation with respect to the background data on the market segments, competition distribution, and product. The analysis of the market will be provided through a SWOT analysis. The objectives with goals for market share, profit and sales volume will be provided. In the end, the marketing strategies with details of the 4 Ps will also be provided. Current Situation of the Market with background data on the market segments, product, competition and distribution The current marketing situation of Apple's involves targeting of a specific market and go beyond it through quality. Its target market is aimed at individuals rather than a particular market. It has been promoting and marketing the iPhone and its business-associated applications in Bloomberg Business Week, The Wall Street Journal, and other publications that are associated with the business. By doing all these things, it has created specific products that are intended for a market that includes all types of individuals from all over the globe (Pisano 2015). The main competitors of Apple iPhone are Samsung, Google Android and Research in Motion (RIM). RIM Blackberry possesses a minor marketing edge to Apple, due to the ability of RIM to offer more safer and useful mobile devices with Microsoft Windows operating systems. This safety, as well as functionality, has facilitated businesses along with the government who utilize Microsoft Windows operating system fully to utilize the products of RIM for their workforce. Apple iPhone has enhanced its compatibility with Microsoft Windows operating systems however it needs to go beyond RIM. It possesses additional market share regarding its handheld mobile devices to the common customer however it would like to enter into a segment of the market which it is not presently exploring. It persists to evolve for utilization with the products of Windows operating system. Its significant competitor is Google Android in terms of providing cell phone companies such as Samsung and HTC (Brian 2015). SWOT Analysis of Apple iPhone: Figure - SWOT Analysis of Apple iPhone (Source: Tar 2013) Strengths: Innovative: The iPhone is known for its innovation, especially concerning its touch screen. The iPhone is a combination of many functions and applications that are available in other mobile products as well. Compatibility: The iPhone is known for its compatibility with the other products of Apple such as Mac Book and OS software tools. This feature of iPhone shows that it has limitless power for upgradeability (Sammutà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Bonnici and Galea 2014). Easy to Use: The Apple iPhones have multi-finger gesture recognition; this means that they have the power to behave like a human hand. Awareness of Brand: Apple is not only known for its iPhone, but it is also known for other products such I-pods and Mac Book. These products are good examples of technological innovations. Price Feasibility: In comparison to the high quality features that are provided in the iPhone, the price of the product can be regarded as feasible and affordable. Quality: iPhones are known for its quality. It has a scratch resistant screen and light metallic finish and the software in the phone provides resistant (Tar 2013). Weaknesses: Image: The brand of apple is not targeted towards business individuals, and it is criticized for being only compatible with the corporate world. Price: Apple iPhones are very high in price, and none of the phones manufactured by the Apple Company are low in price. User Interface: The sensitivity of iPhone is criticized for facing the "gorilla arm" problem. Opportunities: Increasing demand and expansion: With the advancement of technology, people will upgrade their iPods to iPhones. Apple has the capability of attracting consumers with their high durability and compatibility Upgradeable: The iPhone allows all the software to be upgraded easily, and all the new features in the phone can be installed easily to take advantage of the ability of touch screen. The future versions of Apple iPhones will also be capable of upgrading their software. Partnerships: Apple has the power of combining with many powerful global mobile companies (Tar 2013). Threats: Increased Competition: The major competitor of Apple iPhones are smart phones that are much cheaper and easy to use. Downward pressure of pricing: There is a prediction in the market that the prices of the Apple iPhones are going to fall down significantly whether or not they decrease the price of their phones. Competition (Palm): Palm is a well-known phone for business people. This product is very compatible with many products in the market. This brand is regarded as one of the major competitors of Apple brand (Sammutà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Bonnici and Galea 2014). Objectives with goals for sales volume, market share and profit To compete across a number of extremely competitive markets, Apple iPhone utilizes the Apple brand and will persist to do so. Its marketing objectives are in position and are set for its complete product arrangement together with the industry of personal computers with its Macintosh line of computers and associated software, the customer electronics industry by means of products (Yoffie and Cusumano 2015). Besides its Apple outstanding marketing strategy that is presently in position, its action programs consist of social media promotion. The purpose of its campaign of social media marketing is to carry on the discussion about novel products as well as to create ideas and concepts of new products for its customers (Star et al. 2015). It will utilize social media sites for example Facebook, Twitter MySpace to promote its products with commercials, obtain innovative ideas for its products from which the customers will be benefitted and probably create novel products to satisfy the needs of the customers. Another action programs comprise of establishing the behavior of the business buyer in an attempt to find out how individuals will act at the time of purchasing iphones (Sun 2014). It will persist to carry out market research to find out the consumers needs, maximization of its advertising as well as marketing budgets, gaining the satisfaction of the customers and retain the loyalty of the customer. It will utilize measurements to verify geographic, product-use-based and customer-based studies of segmentation (Brian 2015). It maintains definite affiliation with the associations of trade to endorse and defend its brand. In the year 2002, it has signed an agreement with 1394 trade association to allow the logo of Apples Firewire to be displayed on computer peripherals around the world on 100 million digital devices. Though, in political principles, it puts the value of its shareholder at risk by choosing not to reveal its memberships of the trade association. It maintains a connection with the American Electronics Association as well as the Retail Industry Leaders Association (Wee 2015). The big promise of the brand of Apple certainly presents it with a huge challenge to accomplish its objectives. The inventive, beautifully-constructed, extremely ergonomic, as well as technology-leading products which it delivers are not only intended to match the promise of the brand but are essential to maintaining it (Yoffie and Cusumano 2015). It completely understands that every aspect of the experience of the customer experience is significant and that every product touch-points must support the brand of Apple (Star et al. 2015). It has extended and enhanced its capabilities of distribution by opening numerous of its individual retail stores in the major cities around the globe, typically in up-market, venues of quality shopping.Through the development of the iPhone, Apple has enormously augmented its retail reach throughout the outlets of retail of telecommunication companies. It has moreover increased the ease of access of iPods as well as iPads through a variety of resellers who do not usually sell computers (Wee 2015). The successful retail stores of Apple provide potential customers direct knowledge regarding its brand values. Its retail visitors experience an environment which has no pressure and leads to the stimulation to find out more regarding the Apple family, make an effort to buy the products of the company, and obtain training as well as practical assistance on the products of Apple at the shops and outlets (Yoffie and Cusumano 2015). The retail staffs of Apple are supportive, informative and helpful. The overall reaction is one of completeness by a society that recognizes what high-quality equipment should exist and fit into the lives of the individuals (Wonglimpiyarat 2012). Strategies of marketing Product Although iPhone is the most recent version but it requires additional enhancement. First of all, its function of the antenna needs to be expanded (Wee 2015). The bars of Death grip ought to be substituted with an additional system, in order to make better the receiving signal. Furthermore, there is a need of developing a different dual-core processor, to make the applications of iPhone run quicker and make the life of battery to last for extended durations. In addition, subsequent version of iPhone should support HTML as well as Flash player for the reason that there are still several websites, games and applications, which are constructed on Flash (Pynnnen et al. 2011). The purpose of Siri is a novel aspect. Noticeably, it is, in reality, a brilliant feature of voice recognition, but still there is a necessity to fix a number of inaccuracies to be additionally ideal. For instance, it must support for additional languages as well as augment the understanding with respect to the users in receiving voice requirements from (Sammutà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Bonnici and Galea 2014). Price strategies of pricing of the existing product Prices iphones recent prices are high in comparison to other brands (Macedonia 2007). Strategies for pricing of the New-product The strategy of Market Skimming Pricing might not be effectual because the majority of individuals who are ready to purchase the iPhone with a high price are not of a good number. These individuals usually belong to an upper class or are wealthy (Wee 2015). Strategies of Product mix pricing The strategies of Product line pricing (in terms of diverse capability) that Apple is utilizing may possibly be helpful. Consequently, the customers are provided with more choices to purchase depending on their financial condition (Yoffie and Cusumano 2015). Strategies of Price-adjustment It utilizes psychological pricing for iPhone. The individuals have a tendency to consider that the additional sum of the cost they pay, the new quality they obtain. The worldwide cost of iPhone cannot lessen because its core value will turn down too. As a result, the prices will not be changed (Pisano 2015). At present, it should consider Market Skimming Pricing. In addition to that, there is a need to enhance the purchasing influence of the customers who belong to a middle-class; the retailers of iPhone should sell it in the half price which should be paid in cash (Star et al. 2015). Strategies of Product mix pricing Apple may possibly carry on with its existing policy. In addition, it should construct iPhones based on the customization of the clients with the purpose of making the customers satisfied with its strategies of Price-adjustment (Macedonia 2007). It should utilize the existing strategy of psychological pricing (Brian 2015). Place strategies of Existing product distribution Channel of Marketing The present channel of circumlocutory marketing works effectively worldwide. For example, the stores can be found easily that sell iPhones. Moreover, Viettel and Vinaphone are both large companies, which possess extensive channel for distribution (Yoffie and Cusumano 2015). Intermediaries of Marketing The System of Contractual Vertical Marketing which is utilized by Apple is several effectual parts of the world (Wonglimpiyarat 2012). The consumers feel more opportune when they purchase iPhone from the stores. The strategy of Selective Distribution also assists it in choosing the finest resellers that may smooth the progress of iPhone distribution at the same time by maintaining its image as an extraordinary as well as the exceptional creation (Pisano 2015). strategies for the distribution of New product Channel of Marketing The existing strategy of marketing channel does not need to be altered. Intermediaries of Marketing Apple may possibly keep utilizing the similar strategies. Promotion promotion PLAN FOR Existing product Essentially, the promotion strategies of Apple for iPhone have effectively informed clients regarding the iPhone and its novel features (Brian 2015). The recent plan of promotion for iPhone is actually small. To demonstrate, the tools of promotion and other endorsements are not restricted enough for individuals. Furthermore, the promotion for iPhone has been unsuccessful to reach extensively and profoundly to the spectators (Pisano 2015). Clients frequently have to look for information regarding the iPhone rather than obtain information regarding it at first (Pynnnen et al. 2011). In addition, the existing plan of promotion has not performed effectively in promoting the sales of iPhone. The majority of the customers who buy iPhone are those who have used the earlier generations of iPhones or those who are aware regarding the products of Apple for an extended time. They have not purchased iPhone because of the request from the plan of promotion. Finally, the existing promotion strategies of iphone do not influence a great deal the customers who are not familiar with Apple's iPhone brands (Yoffie and Cusumano 2015). promotion PLAN FOR New product Advertising There should be iPhone advertisements on television channels. It should consider the lifestyles as well as values of the individuals. The daily newspapers should also comprise of advertisements to expand the effect of the product in an efficient manner (Wonglimpiyarat 2012). Sales Promotion It could utilize a number of tools for consumer promotion to augment the sales of iPhone. Advertising specialties should be applied. To demonstrate, when clients buy iPhone, the stores and shops should present them a few gifts, which comprise of the logo of Apple to increase the recognition and reputation (Macedonia 2007). IPhone can also apply coupons (reduction of 5%) for additional Apple products such as iMac, iPod, and iPad and to augment to buying the power of the clients. These procedures also have constructive influence in terms of the attitude of the customer towards the iPhone product and brand (Star et al. 2015). Public Relations It could carry on utilizing its existing strategy of Public Relations for iPhone worldwide (Yoffie and Cusumano 2015). In addition, social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook are also effectual to publicize iPhone for the customers in an efficient manner (Wee 2015). References Brian, J., 2015. Segmentation Marketing: A Case Study on Performance Solutions Group, LLC. Macedonia, M., 2007. iPhones target the tech elite.Computer,40(6), pp.94-95. Pisano, G.P., 2015. You need an innovation strategy.Harvard Business Review,93(6), pp.44-54. Pynnnen, M., Ritala, P. and Hallikas, J., 2011. The new meaning of customer value: a systemic perspective.Journal of Business Strategy,32(1), pp.51-57. Sammutà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Bonnici, T. and Galea, D., 2014. SWOT Analysis.Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. Star, C., Star, K. and Rutter, A., 2015. D1. 1 Market And Competition Analysis. Sun, Y., 2014. A Smartphone Company's Innovative Marketing Strategy in the Chinese Market: A case study of iPhone. Tar, A., 2013. Apple SWOT Analysis. Wee, A., 2015. Apple iPhone 6s Rose Gold Unboxing!. Wonglimpiyarat, J., 2012. Technology strategies and standard competitionComparative innovation cases of Apple and Microsoft.The Journal of High Technology Management Research,23(2), pp.90-102. Yoffie, D.B. and Cusumano, M.A., 2015.Strategy Rules: Five Timeless Lessons from Bill Gates, Andy Grove, and Steve Jobs. HarperBusiness.

Synthesis of Aspirin Lab Report free essay sample

The goal of this experiment was to synthesize aspirin. In this experiment aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, was synthesized from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. In the reaction the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring in salicylic acid reacted with acetic anhydride to form an ester functional group. This method of forming acetylsalicylic acid is an esterification reaction. Since this esterification reaction is not spontaneous, sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst to initiate the reaction. After the reaction was complete some unreacted acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was still be present in the solution as well as some sulfuric acid, aspirin, and acetic acid. Crystallization, which uses the principle of solubility, was then used to remove most of the impurities and caused the acetylsalicylic acid to precipitate out of the solution. Next, the crude product was then purified by adding water which further lowered the solubility of acetylsalicylic acid and dissolved some impurities from the crystal of aspirin. The aspirin was then isolated from the solution using a vacuum filtration apparatus. The percent yield of crude aspirin product was 91. 89%. To purify the crude aspirin product a recrystallization procedure was performed. The percent yield of the purified aspirin product was 5. 77%. Next a phenol test was performed on the crude aspirin product, the purified aspirin product, and salicylic acid as a control. The phenol test was to test the purity of the aspirin product that was created during the experiment. The crude aspirin product and the purified aspirin product had no color changes and remained orange when mixed with the iron (III) chloride solution, which means that there were no phenol groups in both the crude aspirin product and the purified aspirin product. The lack of reaction with the iron (III) chloride revealed that both the crude aspirin product and the purified aspirin product were pure aspirin. The salicylic acid turned into a dark purple color when mixed with the iron (III) chloride solution, which was expected since salicylic acid has phenol groups. Next a melting point test was performed on the purified aspirin product. The purified product started to melt at 86 degrees Celsius and finished completely melting at 102 degrees Celsius. The melting point of the purified product was lower than the expected 135 degree Celsius melting point of aspirin, which revealed to us that the purified aspirin product still contained some impurities. Introduction: As early as 3000 BC ancient cultures such as Greek, Roman, Egyptian, and Chinese found that extracts from plants such as willow bark, meadowsweet, and myrtle possessed the ability to alleviate fever, pain, and inflammation. These plants contain a compound called salicylate, which creates these curative attributes. Several of years later the folk remedy of plants containing salicylate transformed into the cure-all medication known as aspirin. Today aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is an over the counter medication that is extremely popular and is used for relieving pain, reducing fever, reducing swelling, and slowing blood clotting. The history of aspirin began in 1763 when Edward Stone wrote a paper to the Royal Society of London that claimed that willow bark could cure ague, which is now known as malaria. Later it was found that the treatment did not actually cure malaria, but instead just reduced the fever of those with the disease. Nearly a century later, a Scottish physician found that Edward Stone’s extract could also be used to relieve the symptoms of acute rheumatism. Organic chemists began working with willow bark and many other plants to try and extract and isolate the active ingredients from them, in doing so it was found that the active ingredient was salicylic acid. Salicylic acid was then industrialized for medicinal use, but soon after industrialization it was found that salicylic acid was extremely limited as a treatment because of the acidic properties that cause severe irritation in the digestive tract. In 1893, Felix Hofmann synthesized acetylsalicylic acid, which has all of the same medicinal benefits as salicylic acid but it did not have the side effect of irritating the digestive tract. Hofmann worked for Bayer, which then named acetylsalicylic acid compound aspirin. Aspirin became commercially available in 1899 and today it is estimated that over a trillion aspirin tablets have been consumed by those in need of its curative effects. In this experiment aspirin was synthesized from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Salicylic acid was esterfied using acetic acid and sulfuric acid acting as a catalyst to produce acetylsalicylic acid and acetic acid. The phenol group that will attack the carbonyl carbon of the acetic anhydride is the –OH group that is directly attached to the benzene since it is more basic than the –OH group attached to the carbonyl group. This method of forming acetylsalicylic acid is an esterification reaction. Since this esterification reaction is not spontaneous, sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst to initiate the reaction. Sulfuric acid serves as the acid catalyst since its conjugate base is a strong deprotonating group that is necessary in order for this reaction to be reversible. The need for the strong conjugate base is the reason why other strong acids such as HCl is not used since its conjugate base Cl- is very weak compared to HSO3-. After the reaction was complete some unreacted acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was still be present in the solution as well as some sulfuric acid, aspirin, and acetic acid. Crystallization, which uses the principle of solubility, was then used to remove most of the impurities and caused the acetylsalicylic acid to precipitate out of the solution. This precipitation happens because the solvent can no longer hold all of the solute molecules, and the molecules begin to leave the solution and form solid crystals. During this cooling, each solute molecule in turn approaches a growing crystal and rests on the crystal surface. If the geometry of the molecule fits that of the crystal, it will be more likely to remain on the crystal than it is to go back into the solution. Therefore, each growing crystal consists of only one type of molecule, the solute. The acetylsalicylic acid’s solubility decreased and caused it to gradually precipitate out of the solution while the other compounds were left in solution because they were either a liquid at room temperature or have higher solubilities and would not completely crystallize out of the solution. After the solution had come to room temperature, it was carefully submerged in an ice bath to complete the crystallization process. To purify the crude product, water was added to solution to further lower the solubility of acetylsalicylic acid and to dissolve some of the impurities from the crystal. The chilled solution was then filtered through vacuum filtration to isolate the pure crystals. Vacuum filtration was the technique used for separating the solid aspirin product from the solvent or liquid reaction mixture. The mixture of solid and liquid was poured through a filter paper in a Buchner funnel. The solid aspirin product was trapped by the filter and the liquid was drawn through the funnel into the flask below it by a vacuum. The aspirin product that was collected still contained some impurities. The general reaction equation and the reaction mechanism are as follows: To purify the crude aspirin product a recrystallization procedure needed to be performed to remove impurities and to further purify it. Recrystallization utilizes the different solubilities of the desired product and impurities included in the reaction mixture. So, when the solvent cools, only the impurities will remain dissolved and the â€Å"pure† product will crystallize out of the solution. The information we gather will allow us to determine the percent yield of the crude aspirin product and of the purified aspirin product. The percent yield is a way of measuring how successful a reaction has been. Percent yield problems allow us to calculate what percent of the expected product we are able to account for by the end of our experiment. Actual amount of product Percent yield = - x 100 Expected amount of product Next, a phenol test must be performed to determine the purity of the aspirin product. The impurities that could be in the purified aspirin product could be salicylic acid and other compounds that contain a hydroxyl group on a benzene ring and are known as phenols. Phenols form a highly colored complex with iron (III) chloride that can range from a pale to dark purple depending on the concentration of the phenol group present in the solution. Pure aspirin does not contain any phenol groups and should be unreactive when mixed with the iron (III) chloride solution and should remain orange in color. Another way the purity of the sample is tested is through a melting point test on the purified aspirin product. A pure compound has a specific range in which it melts and it is normally a fairly small range. If the melting point of the purified aspirin sample is lower than the expected or if it has a very broad range compared to the actual range, then the sample still contains some impurities. Experimental: In a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask add 5 mL of acetic anhydride, 1. 999g of salicylic acid, and 5 drops of sulfuric acid. Swirl the mixture in the Erlenmeyer flask for approximately one minute so that all of its contents have completely dissolved. Heat the mixture using a water bath for 10 minutes. The water bath temperature should not exceed 50 degrees Celsius. While heating the mixture, measure out 70 mL of DI water and then put it in a 100 mL beaker. Also, set up an ice bath for the mixture in the Erlenmeyer flask as well as a second ice bath for the 100 mL beaker while waiting for the mixture in the Erlenmeyer flask to heat. After the mixture has heated for 10 minutes, remove it from the water bath and allow it to cool to room temperature. Crystallization should begin once the solution reaches room temperature. If crystallization does not occur use a glass stirring rod and with strong force scratch the bottom of the Erlenmeyer flask. Cool the Erlenmeyer flask containing the mixture in the ice bath set up previously for 20 minutes. At the same time place the 100 mL beaker containing 70 mL DI water in the second ice bath set up previously for 20 minutes. While waiting for those items to cool, set up the vacuum filtration apparatus. After 20 minutes of cooling, take 50 mL of the 70 mL now cooled DI water from the 100 mL beaker and add it to the 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask that contains the mixture. Leave the 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask that contains the mixture in its ice bath and allow it to cool for an extra 5 minutes. Also leave the remaining 20 mL of DI water in the 100 mL beaker in its ice bath. After cooling for an additional 5 minutes, pour the contents in the 125mL Erlenmeyer flask into a Buchner funnel attached to the vacuum filtration apparatus. Make sure to get as much of the product into the Buchner funnel as possible. Use the remaining 20 mL of DI water in the 100 mL beaker to rinse out the 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask and wash the product in the Buchner funnel. Allow the sample to vacuum dry for 5 minutes. While waiting for the sample to vacuum dry weigh a weigh boat. After the sample has dried for 5 minutes, turn off the vacuum filtration apparatus and retrieve the crude product from the Buchner funnel and place it in the previously weighed weigh boat. Weigh the weigh boat with sample inside and record the mass of the crude product formed. Calculate the percent yield of the product formed. Next, place a few crystals of the crude product in a test tube labeled A and put to the side for later use. Reweigh your sample and record the new mass sample. Now place the crude product from the weigh boat in a 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask and add 3 mL of ethyl acetate. Heat the 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask in a water bath (not to exceed 50 degrees Celsius) until all of the product has dissolved. After 5 minutes if the product has not completely dissolved, add 5mL more of ethyl acetate. Place the 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing the product and ethyl acetate directly on the hot plate at 50 degrees Celsius. Raise the temperature of the hot plate to 125 degrees Celsius so that the solution boils. Keep a close eye on the Erlenmeyer flask. Heat the mixture for 5 minutes. After heating the mixture for 5 minutes, gravity filter what is in the 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask through filter paper. Put what goes through the filter paper back in the 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask and add petroleum ether drop by drop until crystals begin to form. If crystals do not form, place the 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask on a hot plate at 125 degrees Celsius with a boiling stone in the mixture. Wait for the mixture to boil and then let it boil for 5 minutes. After boiling for 5 minutes remove the 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask and remove the boiling stone. Allow the mixture to cool to room temperature. Scratch the bottom of the Erlenmeyer flask with a glass stirring rod with strong force. Place the Erlenmeyer flask in an ice bath for 30 minutes. Pour the contents in the 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask into a Buchner funnel attached to a vacuum filtration apparatus. Allow the product to vacuum dry for 5 minutes. While waiting for the sample to vacuum dry weigh a weigh boat. After the sample has dried for 5 minutes, turn off the vacuum filtration apparatus and retrieve the purified product from the Buchner funnel and place it in the previously weighed weigh boat. Weigh the weigh boat with sample inside and record the mass of the purified product formed. Calculate the percent yield of the product formed. Next, place a few crystals of the purified product in a test tube labeled B. Next perform the phenol test. You must have three test tubes, one labeled A with the crude aspirin product in it, one labeled B with the purified aspirin product in it, and one labeled C with salicylic acid in it. The third test tube labeled C is a control. Add 10 drops of iron (III) chloride to each test tube. Record the color observations. After recording the color of each test tube dispose of the waste into the appropriate waste container. Next, obtain a capillary tube. Fill the capillary tube with dry purified product. Invert the capillary tube and stick the open end of the capillary tube in the densest part of the crystal sample. Turn the capillary tube back to the upright position. The crystal product will be stuck at the top of the capillary tube. Tap the crystal product down to the bottom of the capillary tube. Load the capillary tube into the melting point apparatus and begin heating. Record the temperature range that the sample melts within. Once the melting point has been determined turn off the apparatus so it may cool and dispose of your capillary tube in the appropriate waste bin. Clean and dry any glassware used and return it to the appropriate location. Results: Conclusion: The mass of the crude aspirin product was 4. 791g. Due to apparent wetness of the product it is estimated that half of the mass is due to moisture. Taking this into account, the actual mass of the crude aspirin product is reduced to 2. 396g. The theoretical yield of crude aspirin product is 2. 607g. This information gave us a percent yield of 91. 89%. The mass of the purified aspirin product was 0. 301g. Due to apparent wetness of the product it is estimated that half of the mass is due to moisture. Taking this into account, the actual mass of the purified aspirin product is reduced to 0. 1505g. The percent yield of purified aspirin product was 5. 77%. This low percent yield of purified aspirin product was due to a few different factors. The first factor that caused a low percent yield was caused because we lost some crude product when we were moving our crude product from the weigh boat to the 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Another factor that could have caused a low percent yield was that when no crystals formed after adding drops of petroleum ether we placed our 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask back on the hot plate at 125 degrees Celsius. We could have accidentally boiled off some of our product. The third factor that caused a low percent yield of our purified product was that when we vacuum filtered our purified product, some of our purified product fell through the filter and into the side arm flask. Maybe if we hadn’t turned the water on so high it might not have fell through the filter. The results of the phenol test were that test tube A, which contained crude aspirin product, had no change in color and remained orange upon adding iron (III) chloride. This led us to believe that our crude aspirin product did not contain any phenol groups and was pure aspirin. Test tube B, which contained purified aspirin product also had no change in color and remained orange upon adding iron (III) chloride. This led us to believe that our purified aspirin product did not contain any phenol group and was pure aspirin. Test tube C, which contained salicylic acid, had an extreme change in color and turned dark purple. This was an expected result because salicylic acid has phenol groups and when iron (III) chloride is added it turned dark purple due to the concentration of the phenol groups present in the solution. Test tube C was our control. The results of the melting point test were that our purified aspirin product started melting at 86 degrees Celsius and at 102 degrees Celsius the entire purified aspirin product had completely melted. The melting point of the purified product was lower than the expected 135 degree Celsius melting point of aspirin, which revealed to us that the purified aspirin product still contained some impurities.